Human Bio Flashcards
What two parts make up the central nervous system?
The brain and the spinal cord.
What is the peripheral nervous system made of?
Somatic nervous system: controls voluntary skeletal movement (such as waving and jumping).
Autonomic Nervous System: controls involuntary skeletal movement (such as salivation, perspiration, digestion and blinking).
Autonomic System made of
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. Sympathetic speeds up heart rate. Parasympathetic: slows down heart rate.
Lobes of the brain
Frontal lobe- front of the brain, emotions, reasoning movement and problem solving.
Parietal Lobe- organises perception of senses, pain pressure, temperature and touch.
Temporal Lobe- Region near ears controls recognition of sound and smell
Occipital Lobe- responsible for vision
Brain
Gains information from inside and outside the body and makes decisions such as internal change and movement
Neurons
large cell body connects to a long thin axon which is called a nerve fiber. axon carries nerve nerve impulses away from the cell body. myelin sheath help to control It faster by directing electrical impulse. Dendrites, nerve endings that that branch out the top of the cell body. Recieve info from one neuron to another axoss a synapse. synapse is a small gap between neurons. end of axon is sypnatic terminal.
Nerve Impulses
An electrical signal that travels along nerve fiber in response to stimulus
Motor Neuron
Carry signal from nervous system to muscle cells, carry out the response
Interneurons
link sensory and motor neurons as well as other interneurons. most common
Sensory
sensitive to various stimuli. send information connected to the central nervous system
Reflex (stimulus-response)
Stimulus– receptors– ( via sensory neuron) control centre– effector—-( via motor neuron) response. Sensory neurons send two messages one to the brain and one to the muscles via motor neuron.
Cerebrum
Movement balance voluntary
Celleberum
Movement and balance involuntarily
Brain- Stem
3 parts- connects the brain with the spinal cord and is responsible involuntary actions, heart rate, blood pressure
Hypothalamus
Links nervous system to pituitary system via pituitary gland to control homeostatic functions ( body temp., hunger, thirst)
Ovaries
oestrogen progesterone. thickens the walls of uterus. development of female parts
testes
testostereone, progesterone, oestregen. production of sperm and male sexual characteristics
Pancreas
Insulin glucagon. lowers/raises blood glucose level
Pituitary Gland
Pituriaty growth hormone, antidiuretic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone. controls the size of bones stimulates muscle growth, and reduces the amount of water reabsorbed from kidneys.
Thyroid Gland
affects metabolism physical and mental development. thyroxine and calcitonin. decreases calcium in the blood
Parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormone. regulates the amount of calcium in the blood
Adrenal Gland
Adrenalin, progesteone oestesorone. increases metabolism in flight or fight response. important for calcium in bones
Pineal Glands
Whitening of skin
body temp above normal
body senses change and sends signal to blood vessels to skin. blood vessels dilate and skin sweats. this cools down the body. body temp returns to normals, blood vessels constrict.
body temp below normal
muscles and blood vessels. blood vessels constrict and skeletal muscles and arrector pili muscles contract. stand up straight
Water balance
Water gain, drinking water eating food and water loss (sweat, exhalation, liquid and solid waste)
Body becomes dehydrated
the body senses the changes and the pituitary gland releases ADH. kidneys conserve water. water balance is restored and ADH is no longer released
Body becomes overhydrated
body senses change. kidneys filter more water out of the blood. the water level is balanced and the Kidneys stop filtering water
1 st line of defense
1st line of defence, ear wax catches patogens, urine is slightly acidic makes it harder to grow skin is water proof.
2nd line of d
virus contains a protective coating slip through line of defence. blood clotting to stop addition infection through skin damage. high temp to kill pathogens with high temp. white blood cells. inflammation causes more blood to reach the infected are and also bring white blood cells to attack pathogen. positive. Phagocytes
third line of defense
b cells make antibodies that fit onto a specific part of the pathogen. Cause pathogens to be locked together and inhibit invasion. t cells recognise and kill
