Human Anatomy & Phys. II Flashcards
What influences the sense of taste besides “taste”?
smell,texture,temperature
What type of receptors are involved in gustation and olfaction (i.e., what sort of stimulus is converted into an electrical signal?)?
chemoreceptors
What is the olfactory epithelium and where is it located?
organ of smell located in the roof of the nasal cavity
What structure of the lacrimal apparatus actually produces lacrimal fluid?
the glands
Where does the lacrimal fluid go after it bathes the eye?
secreted into the eye superior laterally, drains medially by two canals into the sacs, then nasolacrimal ducts
Define: cornea
Bump over the iris.
Define: conjunctiva
Transparent mucus membrane that covers the anterior portion of the eye with exception of the cornea, also covers the inside of the eyelids.
Define:sclera
White if the eye, “tough outer layer”.
Define:iris
This is mainly composed of smooth muscle arranged into two layers; controls pupil diameter.
Define: ciliary body
Mainly composed of smooth muscle fibers, which attach to the lens.
Define: retina
(sensory tunic), covers the entire eye interiorly except for the ciliary body and lens and the optic disc
Define: optic disc
Where the optic nerve exits the eye, is a weak spot in the fundus ( posterior wall) of the eye because it is not reinforced by the sclera.
What is the role of the rods and cones in vision?
Rods: good in low light, more color, low resolution
Cones: lots of light needed, no color, low resolution, preferial vision
What is the technical name for the ear drum?
tympanic membrane
What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?
auditory tube
What are the middle ear bones (in order from the tympanic membrane to the oval window)?
malleus (“hammer”)
incus (“anvil”)
stapes (“stirrup”)
What structures in the inner ear is involved in balance?
semicircular canals
What houses the receptors for hearing?
cochlea
What are the two hormones that are secreted from the posterior pituitary?
ADH and Oxytosin
What affect do the hormones ADH and oxytocin have?
Anti diuretic Hormone (ADH)-decreases urine output
Oxytocin-uterine contraction, milk ejection during pregnancy
What chemical class does anti diuretic and oxytocin hormones belong to?
amino acids
This monoamine hormone is released from the adrenal medulla in response to neural stimuli___?
epinephrine
What pancreatic hormone stimulates glucose uptake by it’s target cell?
insulin
What pancreatic hormone stimulates elevated blood glucose levels?
glucagon
What class do horse does pancreatic hormones belong to?
amino acids
What is the precursor of all steroid hormones?
cholesterol
What is type 1 diabetes?
insulin dependent DM; autoimmune disorder; Beta cells destroyed (produce insulin); begins early in life; Juvenile onset; Diuretics, increase in urine output (osmatic diuretic)
What is type 2 (IDDM)?
Non-DM…insulin resistance develops; no insulin produced; no effect; occurs later in life; mature onset; associated with obesity
What is Cushing syndrome?
Hypertension of cortisol, “Buffalo Hump”; swelling raises blood sugar levels
What is Graves’ disease?
Autoimmune hyperactive thyroid gland, exophthalmos-protrusion of the eyes
Amino Acid class:
soluble in blood/ second messenger
Steroid class:
can enter plasma membranes/ not soluble in blood
