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UoE Exercise and Sport Sciences > Human Anatomy and Kinanthropometry > Flashcards

Human Anatomy and Kinanthropometry Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 4 components of skeletal system

A

Bone tissue
Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
Joints

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2
Q

Name the 6 functions of the skeletal system

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral homeostasis
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage

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3
Q

What are the two main minerals stored in bones?

A

Calcium
Phosphorus

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4
Q

What 3 cell types are produced in the bone marrow?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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5
Q

What is the process of producing blood cells in the bone marrow called?

A

Haematopoiesis

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6
Q

Name the 4 categories for bones

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

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7
Q

Name the 7 components of bones

A

Bone tissue
Periosteum
Endosperm
Articular cartilage
Blood vessels
Nervous tissue
Adipose tissue

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8
Q

What is bone (osseous) tissue made up of?

A

80% compact, dense, cortical bone
20% spongy trabecular bone

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9
Q

What is bone extracellular matrix composed of?

A

85-90% collagen type 1 fibres

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10
Q

What is the role of collagen in the bone’s extracellular matrix?

A

High tensile strength
Bone modelling and remodelling

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11
Q

What is the bone cellular matrix composed of?

A

50-70% mineral
20-40% organic matter
5-10% water
3% lipids

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12
Q

What is the mineral content of bones mostly?

A

Hydroxyapatite (mix of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide)

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13
Q

What is bone modelling?

A

The process by which bones change their overall shape in response to physiological influences or mechanical forces, leading to gradual skeletal adjustment

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14
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

The process where the bone is renewed to maintain bone strength and mineral homeostasis

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15
Q

Name 4 bone cells that are integral to bone modelling and remodelling

A

Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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16
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton’s primary function?

A

Movement

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17
Q

Name some features of a long bone

A

Hollow shaft (diaphysis)
Flared, cone-shaped metaphysic below growth plates (epiphyseal line)
Rounded epiphyses above growth plates
Articular cartilage covers epiphysis

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18
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

A collar of dense cortical bone around a central medullary cavity

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19
Q

What are metaphysics and epiphysis?

A

Composed of trabecular bone surrounded by a relatively thin shell of dense cortical bone

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20
Q

How many phalanges does a single upper extremity contain?

A

14 (proximal, intermediate and distal)

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21
Q

How many metacarpals does a single upper extremity contain?

A

5

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22
Q

How many carpals does a single upper extremity contain?

A

8

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23
Q

Name the other 5 bones that make up the upper limb

A

Radius, ulna, humerus, scapula, clavicle

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24
Q

How many phalanges does a single lower extremity contain?

A

14 (proximal, intermediate and distal)

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25
Q

How many metatarsals does a single lower extremity contain?

A

5

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26
Q

How many tarsals does a single lower extremity contain?

A

7

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27
Q

Name the other 6 bones of the lower limb (including 3 hip bones)

A

Fibula, tibia, femur, ilium, ischium and pubis

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28
Q

Name the 2 functions of the axial skeleton

A

Protect key organs
Calcium storage and release

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29
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Articulating bones are united by dense, irregular connective tissue (mainly collagen)

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30
Q

What is the degree of movement at a fibrous joint?

A

Varies from immovable to slightly movable

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31
Q

What are the 2 types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures
Syndesmoses

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32
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

A joint characterised by the presence of a solid piece of hyaline cartilage or fibrous cartilage that unites the articulating bones

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33
Q

What is the degree of movement at a cartilaginous joint?

A

Varies from immovable to slightly movable

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34
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses
Symphyses

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35
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Two-layered articular capsule that unites the articulating bones and surrounds a lubricated space called an articular cavity. Lubrication is supplied by the inner layer of the articular capsule

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36
Q

What is the range of movement at a synovial joint?

A

Ranges from slightly movable to freely movable

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37
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

A

Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoid
Saddle
Ball and socket

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38
Q

Give an example of a fibrous joint

A

Radio-ulnar joint (interosseous membrane - wrist)

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39
Q

Give an example of a cartilaginous joint

A

Intervertebral joint

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40
Q

Give an example of a synovial joint

A

Femoro-tibial joint (knee)

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41
Q

Superior Definition

A

Towards the head, or upper part of a structure

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42
Q

Inferior Definition

A

Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure

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43
Q

Anterior Definition

A

Nearer to / at the front of the body

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44
Q

Posterior Definition

A

Nearer to / at the back of the body

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45
Q

Medial Definition

A

Nearer to the midline of the body

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46
Q

Lateral Definition

A

Further from the midline

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47
Q

Intermediate Definition

A

Between 2 structures

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48
Q

Ipsilateral Definition

A

On the same side of the body as another structure

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49
Q

Contralateral Definition

A

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

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50
Q

Proximal Definition

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk/nearer to the origination of a structure

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51
Q

Distal Definition

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk/further from the origination of a structure

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52
Q

Superficial Definition

A

Towards/ on the surface of the body

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53
Q

Deep Definition

A

Away from the surface of the body

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54
Q

What is the supine position?

A

Lying on your back

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55
Q

What is the prone position?

A

Lying on your front

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56
Q

What is the anterior view of the body?

A

The forward facing image of the body

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57
Q

What is the posterior view of the body?

A

The backward facing image of the body

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58
Q

What region of the body does the cephalic region refer to?

A

Head

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59
Q

What region of the body does the cervical region refer to?

A

Neck

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60
Q

What region of the body does the brachial region refer to?

A

Arm

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61
Q

What region of the body does the carpal region refer to?

A

Wrist

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62
Q

What region of the body does the thoracic region refer to?

A

Chest

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63
Q

What region of the body does the abdominal region refer to?

A

Abdomen

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64
Q

What region of the body does the pelvic region refer to?

A

Pelvis

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65
Q

What region of the body does the palmar or volar region refer to?

A

Palm of hand

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66
Q

What region of the body does the digital or phalangeal region refer to?

A

Fingers/Toes

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67
Q

What region of the body does the femoral region refer to?

A

Thigh

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68
Q

What region of the body does the inguinal region refer to?

A

Groin

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69
Q

What region of the body does the pubic region refer to?

A

Pubis

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70
Q

What region of the body does the crural region refer to?

A

Leg

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71
Q

What region of the body does the tarsal region refer to?

A

Ankle

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72
Q

What region of the body does the pedal region refer to?

A

Foot

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73
Q

What region of the body does the vertebral region refer to?

A

Spinal Column

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74
Q

What region of the body does the sacral region refer to?

A

Between the hips

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75
Q

What region of the body does the dorsal region refer to?

A

Back

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76
Q

What does the ‘rectus’ directional characteristic of the muscle refer to relative to the body’s midline?

A

Parallel to midline

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77
Q

What does the ‘transverse’ directional characteristic of the muscle refer to relative to the body’s midline?

A

Perpendicular to midline

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78
Q

What does the ‘oblique’ directional characteristic of the muscle refer to relative to the body’s midline?

A

Diagonal to midline

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79
Q

What does ‘maximus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?

A

Largest

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80
Q

What does ‘minimus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?

A

Smallest

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81
Q

What does ‘longus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?

A

Long

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82
Q

What does ‘brevis’ refer to in the size of the muscle?

A

Short

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83
Q

What does ‘latissimus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?

A

Widest

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84
Q

What does ‘longissimus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?

A

Longest

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85
Q

What does ‘magnus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?

A

Large

86
Q

What does ‘major’ refer to in the size of the muscle?

A

Larger

87
Q

What does ‘minor’ refer to in the size of the muscle?

A

Smaller

88
Q

What does ‘vastus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?

A

Huge

89
Q

What shape is a ‘deltoid’ muscle?

A

Triangular

90
Q

What shape is a ‘trapezius’ muscle?

A

Trapezoid

91
Q

What shape is a serratus muscle?

A

Saw-toothed

92
Q

What shape is a rhomboid muscle?

A

Diamond-shaped

93
Q

What shape is a orbicularis muscle?

A

Circular

94
Q

What shape is a pectinate muscle?

A

Comblike

95
Q

What shape is a piriformis muscle?

A

Pear-shaped

96
Q

What shape is a platys muscle?

A

Flat

97
Q

What shape is a quadratus muscle?

A

Square, four-sided

98
Q

What shape is a gracilis muscle?

A

Slender

99
Q

What does a flexor muscle do?

A

Decreases the joint angle

100
Q

What does an extensor muscle do?

A

Increases the joint angle

101
Q

What does an abductor muscle do?

A

Moves bone away from midline

102
Q

What does an adductor muscle do?

A

Moves bone towards midline

103
Q

What does a levator muscle do?

A

Raises/elevates a body part

104
Q

What does a depressor muscle do?

A

Lowers/depresses a body part

105
Q

What does a supinator muscle do?

A

Turns palm anteriorly

106
Q

What does a pronator muscle do?

A

Turns palm superiorly

107
Q

What does a sphincter muscle do?

A

Decreases size of an opening

108
Q

What does a tensor muscle do?

A

Makes body part rigid

109
Q

What does a rotator muscle do?

A

Rotates bone around longitudinal axis

110
Q

How many origins does a bicep muscle have?

A

2

111
Q

How many origins does a tricep muscle have?

A

3

112
Q

How many origins does a quadricep muscle have?

A

4

113
Q

What is a fissure on a bone?

A

A narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass

114
Q

What is a foramen on a bone?

A

An opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass

115
Q

What is a fossa on a bone?

A

Shallow depression

116
Q

What is a sulcus on a bone?

A

A furrow along the bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve or tendon

117
Q

What is a meatus on a bone?

A

A tubelike opening

118
Q

What is a condyle on a bone?

A

A large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of the bone

119
Q

What is a facet on a bone?

A

A smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface

120
Q

What is a head on a bone?

A

A usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone

121
Q

What is a crest of a bone?

A

A prominent ridge or elongated projection

122
Q

What is an epicondyle of a bone?

A

A typically roughened projection above condyle

123
Q

What is a line on a bone?

A

A long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than the crest)

124
Q

What is a spinous process on a bone?

A

Sharp, slender projection

125
Q

What is a trochanter on a bone?

A

A very large projection

126
Q

What is a tubercle on a bone?

A

Variably sized rounded projection

127
Q

What is a tuberosity on a bone?

A

Variably sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface

128
Q

Name the characteristics of a smooth muscle (striation, no. of nuclei, type of control, fatiguability, where it’s found)

A

Not striated
Single nuclei
Autonomic control
Doesn’t fatigue
Found in internal organs

129
Q

Name the characteristics of a cardiac muscle (striation, no. of nuclei, type of control, fatiguability, role in the body)

A

Visible striation
Single nuclei
Autonomic control
Doesn’t fatigue
Allows heart to pump blood

130
Q

Name the characteristics of a skeletal muscle (striation, no. of nuclei, type of control, fatiguability, role in the body)

A

Highly organised striations
Multiple nuclei
Voluntary control
Does fatigue
Generates movement of body parts

131
Q

Name the functions of a muscle

A

Movement of body parts
Stabilization of body
Control organ volume (e.g stomach, bladder)
Move fluids (blood, lymph)
Thermoregulation (shivering)
Energy storage (glycogen stored in muscles)

132
Q

Name the properties of a muscle

A

Electrically excitable (respond to neural stimulation)
Contractility (generate tension)
Extensibility (can lengthen without damage (within limits))
Elasticity (returns to original shape after stretch (in all directions)

133
Q

Define the origin of a muscle

A

Proximal attachment that usually remains stationary during contraction

134
Q

Define the insertion of a muscle

A

Distal attachment that usually moves towards the origin during contraction

135
Q

What is a muscle fasicle?

A

A bundle of muscle fibres

136
Q

What are Z discs?

A

They separate one sarcomere from the next

137
Q

What is the A band?

A

The area of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin

138
Q

What is the I band?

A

A lighter, less dense area of the sarcomere that only contains actin filaments

139
Q

What is the H band?

A

A narrow section surrounding the M line containing only myosin filaments

140
Q

What is a parallel muscle fibre arrangement?

A

Muscle fibres run in a straight line from origin to insertion within that muscle. The muscle fibres terminate at either end in flat tendons

141
Q

What is a fusiform muscle fibre arrangement?

A

Muscle fascicles are nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of the muscle, terminating in flat tendons. The middle of the muscle is bulbous in shape

142
Q

What is a circular muscle fibre arrangement?

A

Muscle fascicles are in concentric circular arrangements and form sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice (opening)

143
Q

What is a triangular muscle fibre arrangement?

A

Muscle fascicles that spread over a broad area converge at a thick central tendon, giving the muscle a triangular appearance

144
Q

What is a parallel muscle fibre arrangement?

A

Short muscle fascicles in relation to the total muscle length; the tendon extends nearly the entire length of the muscle

145
Q

What is a unipennate muscle fibre arrangement?

A

Where muscle fascicles are arranged on only 1 side of the tendon

146
Q

What is a bipinnate muscle fibre arrangement?

A

Where muscle fascicles are arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons

147
Q

What is a multipennate muscle fibre arrangement?

A

Where muscle fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons

148
Q

Where does the subclavius muscle originate from?

A

Rib 1

149
Q

Where does the subclavius muscle insert?

A

Clavicle

150
Q

What muscle action does the subclavius muscle produce?

A

Depression of the scapula

151
Q

Where does the pectoralis minor originate?

A

Ribs 2-5

152
Q

Where does the pectoralis minor insert?

A

Coracoid process of scapula

153
Q

What muscle action does the pectoralis minor produce?

A

Protraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula downward

154
Q

Where does the serratus anterior originate?

A

Ribs 1-8

155
Q

Where does the serratus anterior insert?

A

Vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula

156
Q

What muscle action does the serratus anterior produce?

A

Protraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula upward

157
Q

Name 3 anterior thoracic muscles

A

Subclavius
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior

158
Q

Name 4 posterior thoracic muscles

A

Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor

159
Q

Where does the trapezius originate?

A

Spines of C7-T12

160
Q

Where does the trapezius insert?

A

Clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula

161
Q

What muscle action does the trapezius produce?

A

Superior fibres upwardly rotate scapula, middle fibres adduct scapula, inferior fibres depress and upwardly rotate scapula

162
Q

Where does the levator scapulae originate?

A

Transverse processes of C1-C4

163
Q

Where does the levator scapulae insert?

A

Superior vertebral border of scapula

164
Q

What muscle action does the levator scapulae produce?

A

Elevates scapula and rotates it downward

165
Q

Where does the rhomboid major originate?

A

Spines of T2-T5

166
Q

Where does the rhomboid major insert?

A

Vertebral border of scapula inferior to spine

167
Q

What muscle action does the rhomboid major produce?

A

Retraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula downwards

168
Q

Where does the rhomboid minor originate?

A

Spines of C7-T1

169
Q

Where does the rhomboid minor insert?

A

Vertebral border of scapula superior to spine

170
Q

What muscle action does the rhomboid minor produce?

A

Protraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula downwards

171
Q

Name the 6 movements at the scapula

A
  • Elevation
  • Depression
  • Protraction (abduction)
  • Retraction (adduction)
  • Scapula lateral/upward rotation
  • Scapula medial/downward rotation
172
Q

What is scapula elevation?

A

Upwards movement of the scapula (movement superiorly) - ‘shrugging the shoulders’

173
Q

What muscles cause elevation of the scapula?

A

Contraction of the upper trapezius and levator scapulae

174
Q

What is scapula depression?

A

Downwards movement of the scapula (movement inferiorly)

175
Q

What muscles cause scapula depression?

A

Contraction of the lower trapezius and pectoralis minor

176
Q

What is scapula protraction (abduction)?

A

When the scapulae move laterally away from the spine (forwards movement of the shoulders)

177
Q

What muscles cause scapula protraction?

A

Contraction of the serratus anterior, pectoralis major and pectoralis minor

178
Q

What is scapula retraction (adduction)?

A

When the scapulae move laterally towards the spine (backwards movement of the shoulders)

179
Q

What muscles cause scapula retraction?

A

Contraction of the middle trapezius, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor

180
Q

What is lateral/upward rotation of the scapula?

A

Movement of the inferior angle of the scapula laterally so the glenoid cavity is facing upwards (shoulder blade moving towards arm)

181
Q

What muscles cause lateral rotation of the scapula?

A

Trapezius and serratus anterior

182
Q

What is medial/downward rotation of the scapula?

A

Movement of the scapula towards the medial region of the body (towards the spine), so the glenoid cavity faces down

183
Q

What muscles cause medial rotation of the scapula?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

184
Q

Where does the pectoralis major originate?

A

Clavicular head, sternum and costal cartilage of ribs 1-7

185
Q

Where does the pectoralis major insert?

A

Greater tubercle of humerus

186
Q

What muscle action does the pectoralis major produce?

A

As a whole, it adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, the clavicular head flexes arm, sternocostal head flexes the extended arm to side of trunk

187
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi originate?

A

Spines of T7-L5, lumbar vertebrae, crests of sacrum and ilium, ribs 9-12

188
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi insert?

A

Intertubercular sulcus of humerus

189
Q

What muscle action does the latissimus dorsi produce?

A

Extends, adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly, extends vertebral column and torso

190
Q

Where does the deltoid originate?

A

Acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula

191
Q

Where does the deltoid insert?

A

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

192
Q

What muscle action does the deltoid produce?

A

Lateral fibres abduct arm at shoulder joint, anterior fibres flex and medially rotate arm at shoulder joint, posterior fibres extend and laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint

193
Q

Where does the subscapularis originate?

A

Subscapular fossa of scapula

194
Q

Where does the subscapularis insert?

A

Lesser tubercle of humerus

195
Q

What muscle action does the subscapularis produce?

A

Medially rotates the arm at shoulder joint

196
Q

Where does the supraspinatus originate?

A

Supraspinous fossa of scapula

197
Q

Where does the supraspinatus insert?

A

Greater tubercle of humerus

198
Q

What muscle action does the supraspinatus produce?

A

Assists the deltoid muscle in abducting the arm at the shoulder joint

199
Q

Where does the infraspinatus originate?

A

Infraspinous fossa of scapula

200
Q

Where does the infraspinatus insert?

A

Greater tubercle of humerus

201
Q

What muscle action does the infraspinatus produce?

A

Laterally rotates the arm at the shoulder joint

202
Q

Where does the teres major originate?

A

Inferior angle of scapula

203
Q

Where does the teres major insert?

A

Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

204
Q

What muscle action does the teres major produce?

A

Extends arm at shoulder joint and assists in adduction and medial rotation of arm at shoulder joint

205
Q

Where does the teres minor originate?

A

Inferior lateral border of scapula

206
Q

Where does the teres minor insert?

A

Greater tubercle of humerus

207
Q

What muscle action does the teres minor produce?

A

Laterally rotates and extends the arm joint at the shoulder

208
Q

Where does the coracobrachialis originate?

A

Coracoid process of scapula

209
Q

Where does the coracobrachialis insert?

A

Middle of medial surface of shaft of humerus

210
Q

What muscle action does the coracobrachialis produce?

A

Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder joint

211
Q
A

UoE Exercise and Sport Sciences (3 decks)

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