Anatomy body parts Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
How many phalanges does a single upper extremity contain?
A
14 (proximal, intermediate and distal)
2
Q
How many metacarpals does a single upper extremity contain?
A
5
3
Q
How many carpals does a single upper extremity contain?
A
8
4
Q
Name the other 5 bones that make up the upper limb
A
Radius, ulna, humerus, scapula, clavicle
5
Q
How many phalanges does a single lower extremity contain?
A
14 (proximal, intermediate and distal)
6
Q
How many metatarsals does a single lower extremity contain?
A
5
7
Q
How many tarsals does a single lower extremity contain?
A
7
8
Q
Name the other 6 bones of the lower limb (including 3 hip bones)
A
Fibula, tibia, femur, ilium, ischium and pubis
9
Q
Superior Definition
A
Towards the head, or upper part of a structure
10
Q
Inferior Definition
A
Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
11
Q
Anterior Definition
A
Nearer to / at the front of the body
12
Q
Posterior Definition
A
Nearer to / at the back of the body
13
Q
Medial Definition
A
Nearer to the midline of the body
14
Q
Lateral Definition
A
Further from the midline
15
Q
Intermediate Definition
A
Between 2 structures
16
Q
Ipsilateral Definition
A
On the same side of the body as another structure
17
Q
Contralateral Definition
A
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
18
Q
Proximal Definition
A
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk/nearer to the origination of a structure
19
Q
Distal Definition
A
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk/further from the origination of a structure
20
Q
Superficial Definition
A
Towards/ on the surface of the body
21
Q
Deep Definition
A
Away from the surface of the body
22
Q
What is the supine position?
A
Lying on your back
23
Q
What is the prone position?
A
Lying on your front
24
Q
What is the anterior view of the body?
A
The forward facing image of the body
25
What is the posterior view of the body?
The backward facing image of the body
26
What region of the body does the cephalic region refer to?
Head
27
What region of the body does the cervical region refer to?
Neck
28
What region of the body does the brachial region refer to?
Arm
29
What region of the body does the carpal region refer to?
Wrist
30
What region of the body does the thoracic region refer to?
Chest
31
What region of the body does the abdominal region refer to?
Abdomen
32
What region of the body does the pelvic region refer to?
Pelvis
33
What region of the body does the palmar or volar region refer to?
Palm of hand
34
What region of the body does the digital or phalangeal region refer to?
Fingers/Toes
35
What region of the body does the femoral region refer to?
Thigh
36
What region of the body does the inguinal region refer to?
Groin
37
What region of the body does the pubic region refer to?
Pubis
38
What region of the body does the crural region refer to?
Leg
39
What region of the body does the tarsal region refer to?
Ankle
40
What region of the body does the pedal region refer to?
Foot
41
What region of the body does the vertebral region refer to?
Spinal Column
42
What region of the body does the sacral region refer to?
Between the hips
43
What region of the body does the dorsal region refer to?
Back
44
What does the 'rectus' directional characteristic of the muscle refer to relative to the body's midline?
Parallel to midline
45
What does the 'transverse' directional characteristic of the muscle refer to relative to the body's midline?
Perpendicular to midline
46
What does the 'oblique' directional characteristic of the muscle refer to relative to the body's midline?
Diagonal to midline
47
What does 'maximus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Largest
48
What does 'minimus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Smallest
49
What does 'longus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Long
50
What does 'brevis' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Short
51
What does 'latissimus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Widest
52
What does 'longissimus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Longest
53
What does 'magnus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Large
54
What does 'major' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Larger
55
What does 'minor' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Smaller
56
What does 'vastus' refer to in the size of the muscle?
Huge
57
What shape is a 'deltoid' muscle?
Triangular
58
What shape is a 'trapezius' muscle?
Trapezoid
59
What shape is a serratus muscle?
Saw-toothed
60
What shape is a rhomboid muscle?
Diamond-shaped
61
What shape is a orbicularis muscle?
Circular
62
What shape is a pectinate muscle?
Comblike
63
What shape is a piriformis muscle?
Pear-shaped
64
What shape is a platys muscle?
Flat
65
What shape is a quadratus muscle?
Square, four-sided
66
What shape is a gracilis muscle?
Slender
67
What does a flexor muscle do?
Decreases the joint angle
68
What does an extensor muscle do?
Increases the joint angle
69
What does an abductor muscle do?
Moves bone away from midline
70
What does an adductor muscle do?
Moves bone towards midline
71
What does a levator muscle do?
Raises/elevates a body part
72
What does a depressor muscle do?
Lowers/depresses a body part
73
What does a supinator muscle do?
Turns palm anteriorly
74
What does a pronator muscle do?
Turns palm superiorly
75
What does a sphincter muscle do?
Decreases size of an opening
76
What does a tensor muscle do?
Makes body part rigid
77
What does a rotator muscle do?
Rotates bone around longitudinal axis
78
How many origins does a bicep muscle have?
2
79
How many origins does a tricep muscle have?
3
80
How many origins does a quadricep muscle have?
4
81
What is a fissure on a bone?
A narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass
82
What is a foramen on a bone?
An opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
83
What is a fossa on a bone?
Shallow depression
84
What is a sulcus on a bone?
A furrow along the bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve or tendon
85
What is a meatus on a bone?
A tubelike opening
86
What is a condyle on a bone?
A large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of the bone
87
What is a facet on a bone?
A smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface
88
What is a head on a bone?
A usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone
89
What is a crest of a bone?
A prominent ridge or elongated projection
90
What is an epicondyle of a bone?
A typically roughened projection above condyle
91
What is a line on a bone?
A long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than the crest)
92
What is a spinous process on a bone?
Sharp, slender projection
93
What is a trochanter on a bone?
A very large projection
94
What is a tubercle on a bone?
Variably sized rounded projection
95
What is a tuberosity on a bone?
Variably sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface
96
Name the characteristics of a smooth muscle (striation, no. of nuclei, type of control, fatiguability, where it's found)
Not striated
Single nuclei
Autonomic control
Doesn't fatigue
Found in internal organs
97
Name the characteristics of a cardiac muscle (striation, no. of nuclei, type of control, fatiguability, role in the body)
Visible striation
Single nuclei
Autonomic control
Doesn't fatigue
Allows heart to pump blood
98
Name the characteristics of a skeletal muscle (striation, no. of nuclei, type of control, fatiguability, role in the body)
Highly organised striations
Multiple nuclei
Voluntary control
Does fatigue
Generates movement of body parts
99
Name the functions of a muscle
Movement of body parts
Stabilization of body
Control organ volume (e.g stomach, bladder)
Move fluids (blood, lymph)
Thermoregulation (shivering)
Energy storage (glycogen stored in muscles)
100
Name the properties of a muscle
Electrically excitable (respond to neural stimulation)
Contractility (generate tension)
Extensibility (can lengthen without damage (within limits))
Elasticity (returns to original shape after stretch (in all directions)
101
Define the origin of a muscle
Proximal attachment that usually remains stationary during contraction
102
Define the insertion of a muscle
Distal attachment that usually moves towards the origin during contraction
103
What is a muscle fasicle?
A bundle of muscle fibres
104
What are Z discs?
They separate one sarcomere from the next
105
What is the A band?
The area of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin
106
What is the I band?
A lighter, less dense area of the sarcomere that only contains actin filaments
107
What is the H band?
A narrow section surrounding the M line containing only myosin filaments
108
What is a parallel muscle fibre arrangement?
Muscle fibres run in a straight line from origin to insertion within that muscle. The muscle fibres terminate at either end in flat tendons
109
What is a fusiform muscle fibre arrangement?
Muscle fascicles are nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of the muscle, terminating in flat tendons. The middle of the muscle is bulbous in shape
110
What is a circular muscle fibre arrangement?
Muscle fascicles are in concentric circular arrangements and form sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice (opening)
111
What is a triangular muscle fibre arrangement?
Muscle fascicles that spread over a broad area converge at a thick central tendon, giving the muscle a triangular appearance
112
What is a parallel muscle fibre arrangement?
Short muscle fascicles in relation to the total muscle length; the tendon extends nearly the entire length of the muscle
113
What is a unipennate muscle fibre arrangement?
Where muscle fascicles are arranged on only 1 side of the tendon
114
What is a bipinnate muscle fibre arrangement?
Where muscle fascicles are arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons
115
What is a multipennate muscle fibre arrangement?
Where muscle fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons
116
Where does the subclavius muscle originate from?
Rib 1
117
Where does the subclavius muscle insert?
Clavicle
118
What muscle action does the subclavius muscle produce?
Depression of the scapula
119
Where does the pectoralis minor originate?
Ribs 2-5
120
Where does the pectoralis minor insert?
Coracoid process of scapula
121
What muscle action does the pectoralis minor produce?
Protraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula downward
122
Where does the serratus anterior originate?
Ribs 1-8
123
Where does the serratus anterior insert?
Vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula
124
What muscle action does the serratus anterior produce?
Protraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula upward
125
Name 3 anterior thoracic muscles
Subclavius
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
126
Name 4 posterior thoracic muscles
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
127
Where does the trapezius originate?
Spines of C7-T12
128
Where does the trapezius insert?
Clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula
129
What muscle action does the trapezius produce?
Superior fibres upwardly rotate scapula, middle fibres adduct scapula, inferior fibres depress and upwardly rotate scapula
130
Where does the levator scapulae originate?
Transverse processes of C1-C4
131
Where does the levator scapulae insert?
Superior vertebral border of scapula
132
What muscle action does the levator scapulae produce?
Elevates scapula and rotates it downward
133
Where does the rhomboid major originate?
Spines of T2-T5
134
Where does the rhomboid major insert?
Vertebral border of scapula inferior to spine
135
What muscle action does the rhomboid major produce?
Retraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula downwards
136
Where does the rhomboid minor originate?
Spines of C7-T1
137
Where does the rhomboid minor insert?
Vertebral border of scapula superior to spine
138
What muscle action does the rhomboid minor produce?
Retraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula downwards
139
Name the 6 movements at the scapula
- Elevation
- Depression
- Protraction (abduction)
- Retraction (adduction)
- Scapula lateral/upward rotation
- Scapula medial/downward rotation
140
What is scapula elevation?
Upwards movement of the scapula (movement superiorly) - 'shrugging the shoulders'
141
What muscles cause elevation of the scapula?
Contraction of the upper trapezius and levator scapulae
142
What is scapula depression?
Downwards movement of the scapula (movement inferiorly)
143
What muscles cause scapula depression?
Contraction of the lower trapezius and pectoralis minor
144
What is scapula protraction (abduction)?
When the scapulae move laterally away from the spine (forwards movement of the shoulders)
145
What muscles cause scapula protraction?
Contraction of the serratus anterior, pectoralis major and pectoralis minor
146
What is scapula retraction (adduction)?
When the scapulae move laterally towards the spine (backwards movement of the shoulders)
147
What muscles cause scapula retraction?
Contraction of the middle trapezius, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor
148
What is lateral/upward rotation of the scapula?
Movement of the inferior angle of the scapula laterally so the glenoid cavity is facing upwards (shoulder blade moving towards arm)
149
What muscles cause lateral rotation of the scapula?
Trapezius and serratus anterior
150
What is medial/downward rotation of the scapula?
Movement of the scapula towards the medial region of the body (towards the spine), so the glenoid cavity faces down
151
What muscles cause medial rotation of the scapula?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
152
Where does the pectoralis major originate?
Clavicular head, sternum and costal cartilage of ribs 1-7
153
Where does the pectoralis major insert?
Greater tubercle of humerus
154
What muscle action does the pectoralis major produce?
As a whole, it adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, the clavicular head flexes arm, sternocostal head flexes the extended arm to side of trunk
155
Where does the latissimus dorsi originate?
Spines of T7-L5, lumbar vertebrae, crests of sacrum and ilium, ribs 9-12
156
Where does the latissimus dorsi insert?
Intertubercular sulcus of humerus
157
What muscle action does the latissimus dorsi produce?
Extends, adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly, extends vertebral column and torso
158
Where does the deltoid originate?
Acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula
159
Where does the deltoid insert?
Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
160
What muscle action does the deltoid produce?
Lateral fibres abduct arm at shoulder joint, anterior fibres flex and medially rotate arm at shoulder joint, posterior fibres extend and laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint
161
Where does the subscapularis originate?
Subscapular fossa of scapula
162
Where does the subscapularis insert?
Lesser tubercle of humerus
163
What muscle action does the subscapularis produce?
Medially rotates the arm at shoulder joint
164
Where does the supraspinatus originate?
Supraspinous fossa of scapula
165
Where does the supraspinatus insert?
Greater tubercle of humerus
166
What muscle action does the supraspinatus produce?
Assists the deltoid muscle in abducting the arm at the shoulder joint
167
Where does the infraspinatus originate?
Infraspinous fossa of scapula
168
Where does the infraspinatus insert?
Greater tubercle of humerus
169
What muscle action does the infraspinatus produce?
Laterally rotates the arm at the shoulder joint
170
Where does the teres major originate?
Inferior angle of scapula
171
Where does the teres major insert?
Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
172
What muscle action does the teres major produce?
Extends arm at shoulder joint and assists in adduction and medial rotation of arm at shoulder joint
173
Where does the teres minor originate?
Inferior lateral border of scapula
174
Where does the teres minor insert?
Greater tubercle of humerus
175
What muscle action does the teres minor produce?
Laterally rotates and extends the arm joint at the shoulder
176
Where does the coracobrachialis originate?
Coracoid process of scapula
177
Where does the coracobrachialis insert?
Middle of medial surface of shaft of humerus
178
What muscle action does the coracobrachialis produce?
Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder joint
179
