Anatomy body parts Flashcards
How many phalanges does a single upper extremity contain?
14 (proximal, intermediate and distal)
How many metacarpals does a single upper extremity contain?
5
How many carpals does a single upper extremity contain?
8
Name the other 5 bones that make up the upper limb
Radius, ulna, humerus, scapula, clavicle
How many phalanges does a single lower extremity contain?
14 (proximal, intermediate and distal)
How many metatarsals does a single lower extremity contain?
5
How many tarsals does a single lower extremity contain?
7
Name the other 6 bones of the lower limb (including 3 hip bones)
Fibula, tibia, femur, ilium, ischium and pubis
Superior Definition
Towards the head, or upper part of a structure
Inferior Definition
Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
Anterior Definition
Nearer to / at the front of the body
Posterior Definition
Nearer to / at the back of the body
Medial Definition
Nearer to the midline of the body
Lateral Definition
Further from the midline
Intermediate Definition
Between 2 structures
Ipsilateral Definition
On the same side of the body as another structure
Contralateral Definition
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
Proximal Definition
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk/nearer to the origination of a structure
Distal Definition
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk/further from the origination of a structure
Superficial Definition
Towards/ on the surface of the body
Deep Definition
Away from the surface of the body
What is the supine position?
Lying on your back
What is the prone position?
Lying on your front
What is the anterior view of the body?
The forward facing image of the body
What is the posterior view of the body?
The backward facing image of the body
What region of the body does the cephalic region refer to?
Head
What region of the body does the cervical region refer to?
Neck
What region of the body does the brachial region refer to?
Arm
What region of the body does the carpal region refer to?
Wrist
What region of the body does the thoracic region refer to?
Chest
What region of the body does the abdominal region refer to?
Abdomen
What region of the body does the pelvic region refer to?
Pelvis
What region of the body does the palmar or volar region refer to?
Palm of hand
What region of the body does the digital or phalangeal region refer to?
Fingers/Toes
What region of the body does the femoral region refer to?
Thigh
What region of the body does the inguinal region refer to?
Groin
What region of the body does the pubic region refer to?
Pubis
What region of the body does the crural region refer to?
Leg
What region of the body does the tarsal region refer to?
Ankle
What region of the body does the pedal region refer to?
Foot
What region of the body does the vertebral region refer to?
Spinal Column
What region of the body does the sacral region refer to?
Between the hips
What region of the body does the dorsal region refer to?
Back
What does the ‘rectus’ directional characteristic of the muscle refer to relative to the body’s midline?
Parallel to midline
What does the ‘transverse’ directional characteristic of the muscle refer to relative to the body’s midline?
Perpendicular to midline
What does the ‘oblique’ directional characteristic of the muscle refer to relative to the body’s midline?
Diagonal to midline
What does ‘maximus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?
Largest
What does ‘minimus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?
Smallest
What does ‘longus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?
Long
What does ‘brevis’ refer to in the size of the muscle?
Short
What does ‘latissimus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?
Widest
What does ‘longissimus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?
Longest
What does ‘magnus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?
Large
What does ‘major’ refer to in the size of the muscle?
Larger
What does ‘minor’ refer to in the size of the muscle?
Smaller
What does ‘vastus’ refer to in the size of the muscle?
Huge
What shape is a ‘deltoid’ muscle?
Triangular
What shape is a ‘trapezius’ muscle?
Trapezoid
What shape is a serratus muscle?
Saw-toothed
What shape is a rhomboid muscle?
Diamond-shaped
What shape is a orbicularis muscle?
Circular
What shape is a pectinate muscle?
Comblike
What shape is a piriformis muscle?
Pear-shaped
What shape is a platys muscle?
Flat
What shape is a quadratus muscle?
Square, four-sided
What shape is a gracilis muscle?
Slender
What does a flexor muscle do?
Decreases the joint angle
What does an extensor muscle do?
Increases the joint angle
What does an abductor muscle do?
Moves bone away from midline
What does an adductor muscle do?
Moves bone towards midline
What does a levator muscle do?
Raises/elevates a body part
What does a depressor muscle do?
Lowers/depresses a body part
What does a supinator muscle do?
Turns palm anteriorly
What does a pronator muscle do?
Turns palm superiorly
What does a sphincter muscle do?
Decreases size of an opening
What does a tensor muscle do?
Makes body part rigid
What does a rotator muscle do?
Rotates bone around longitudinal axis
How many origins does a bicep muscle have?
2
How many origins does a tricep muscle have?
3
How many origins does a quadricep muscle have?
4
What is a fissure on a bone?
A narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass
What is a foramen on a bone?
An opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
What is a fossa on a bone?
Shallow depression
What is a sulcus on a bone?
A furrow along the bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve or tendon
What is a meatus on a bone?
A tubelike opening
What is a condyle on a bone?
A large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of the bone
What is a facet on a bone?
A smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface
What is a head on a bone?
A usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone
What is a crest of a bone?
A prominent ridge or elongated projection
What is an epicondyle of a bone?
A typically roughened projection above condyle
What is a line on a bone?
A long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than the crest)
What is a spinous process on a bone?
Sharp, slender projection
What is a trochanter on a bone?
A very large projection
What is a tubercle on a bone?
Variably sized rounded projection
What is a tuberosity on a bone?
Variably sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface
Name the characteristics of a smooth muscle (striation, no. of nuclei, type of control, fatiguability, where it’s found)
Not striated
Single nuclei
Autonomic control
Doesn’t fatigue
Found in internal organs
Name the characteristics of a cardiac muscle (striation, no. of nuclei, type of control, fatiguability, role in the body)
Visible striation
Single nuclei
Autonomic control
Doesn’t fatigue
Allows heart to pump blood
Name the characteristics of a skeletal muscle (striation, no. of nuclei, type of control, fatiguability, role in the body)
Highly organised striations
Multiple nuclei
Voluntary control
Does fatigue
Generates movement of body parts
Name the functions of a muscle
Movement of body parts
Stabilization of body
Control organ volume (e.g stomach, bladder)
Move fluids (blood, lymph)
Thermoregulation (shivering)
Energy storage (glycogen stored in muscles)
Name the properties of a muscle
Electrically excitable (respond to neural stimulation)
Contractility (generate tension)
Extensibility (can lengthen without damage (within limits))
Elasticity (returns to original shape after stretch (in all directions)
Define the origin of a muscle
Proximal attachment that usually remains stationary during contraction
Define the insertion of a muscle
Distal attachment that usually moves towards the origin during contraction
What is a muscle fasicle?
A bundle of muscle fibres
What are Z discs?
They separate one sarcomere from the next
What is the A band?
The area of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin
What is the I band?
A lighter, less dense area of the sarcomere that only contains actin filaments
What is the H band?
A narrow section surrounding the M line containing only myosin filaments
What is a parallel muscle fibre arrangement?
Muscle fibres run in a straight line from origin to insertion within that muscle. The muscle fibres terminate at either end in flat tendons
What is a fusiform muscle fibre arrangement?
Muscle fascicles are nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of the muscle, terminating in flat tendons. The middle of the muscle is bulbous in shape
What is a circular muscle fibre arrangement?
Muscle fascicles are in concentric circular arrangements and form sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice (opening)
What is a triangular muscle fibre arrangement?
Muscle fascicles that spread over a broad area converge at a thick central tendon, giving the muscle a triangular appearance
What is a parallel muscle fibre arrangement?
Short muscle fascicles in relation to the total muscle length; the tendon extends nearly the entire length of the muscle
What is a unipennate muscle fibre arrangement?
Where muscle fascicles are arranged on only 1 side of the tendon
What is a bipinnate muscle fibre arrangement?
Where muscle fascicles are arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons
What is a multipennate muscle fibre arrangement?
Where muscle fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons
Where does the subclavius muscle originate from?
Rib 1
Where does the subclavius muscle insert?
Clavicle
What muscle action does the subclavius muscle produce?
Depression of the scapula
Where does the pectoralis minor originate?
Ribs 2-5
Where does the pectoralis minor insert?
Coracoid process of scapula
What muscle action does the pectoralis minor produce?
Protraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula downward
Where does the serratus anterior originate?
Ribs 1-8
Where does the serratus anterior insert?
Vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula
What muscle action does the serratus anterior produce?
Protraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula upward
Name 3 anterior thoracic muscles
Subclavius
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Name 4 posterior thoracic muscles
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Where does the trapezius originate?
Spines of C7-T12
Where does the trapezius insert?
Clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula
What muscle action does the trapezius produce?
Superior fibres upwardly rotate scapula, middle fibres adduct scapula, inferior fibres depress and upwardly rotate scapula
Where does the levator scapulae originate?
Transverse processes of C1-C4
Where does the levator scapulae insert?
Superior vertebral border of scapula
What muscle action does the levator scapulae produce?
Elevates scapula and rotates it downward
Where does the rhomboid major originate?
Spines of T2-T5
Where does the rhomboid major insert?
Vertebral border of scapula inferior to spine
What muscle action does the rhomboid major produce?
Retraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula downwards
Where does the rhomboid minor originate?
Spines of C7-T1
Where does the rhomboid minor insert?
Vertebral border of scapula superior to spine
What muscle action does the rhomboid minor produce?
Retraction of the scapula and rotates the scapula downwards
Name the 6 movements at the scapula
- Elevation
- Depression
- Protraction (abduction)
- Retraction (adduction)
- Scapula lateral/upward rotation
- Scapula medial/downward rotation
What is scapula elevation?
Upwards movement of the scapula (movement superiorly) - ‘shrugging the shoulders’
What muscles cause elevation of the scapula?
Contraction of the upper trapezius and levator scapulae
What is scapula depression?
Downwards movement of the scapula (movement inferiorly)
What muscles cause scapula depression?
Contraction of the lower trapezius and pectoralis minor
What is scapula protraction (abduction)?
When the scapulae move laterally away from the spine (forwards movement of the shoulders)
What muscles cause scapula protraction?
Contraction of the serratus anterior, pectoralis major and pectoralis minor
What is scapula retraction (adduction)?
When the scapulae move laterally towards the spine (backwards movement of the shoulders)
What muscles cause scapula retraction?
Contraction of the middle trapezius, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor
What is lateral/upward rotation of the scapula?
Movement of the inferior angle of the scapula laterally so the glenoid cavity is facing upwards (shoulder blade moving towards arm)
What muscles cause lateral rotation of the scapula?
Trapezius and serratus anterior
What is medial/downward rotation of the scapula?
Movement of the scapula towards the medial region of the body (towards the spine), so the glenoid cavity faces down
What muscles cause medial rotation of the scapula?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Where does the pectoralis major originate?
Clavicular head, sternum and costal cartilage of ribs 1-7
Where does the pectoralis major insert?
Greater tubercle of humerus
What muscle action does the pectoralis major produce?
As a whole, it adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, the clavicular head flexes arm, sternocostal head flexes the extended arm to side of trunk
Where does the latissimus dorsi originate?
Spines of T7-L5, lumbar vertebrae, crests of sacrum and ilium, ribs 9-12
Where does the latissimus dorsi insert?
Intertubercular sulcus of humerus
What muscle action does the latissimus dorsi produce?
Extends, adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly, extends vertebral column and torso
Where does the deltoid originate?
Acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula
Where does the deltoid insert?
Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
What muscle action does the deltoid produce?
Lateral fibres abduct arm at shoulder joint, anterior fibres flex and medially rotate arm at shoulder joint, posterior fibres extend and laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint
Where does the subscapularis originate?
Subscapular fossa of scapula
Where does the subscapularis insert?
Lesser tubercle of humerus
What muscle action does the subscapularis produce?
Medially rotates the arm at shoulder joint
Where does the supraspinatus originate?
Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Where does the supraspinatus insert?
Greater tubercle of humerus
What muscle action does the supraspinatus produce?
Assists the deltoid muscle in abducting the arm at the shoulder joint
Where does the infraspinatus originate?
Infraspinous fossa of scapula
Where does the infraspinatus insert?
Greater tubercle of humerus
What muscle action does the infraspinatus produce?
Laterally rotates the arm at the shoulder joint
Where does the teres major originate?
Inferior angle of scapula
Where does the teres major insert?
Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
What muscle action does the teres major produce?
Extends arm at shoulder joint and assists in adduction and medial rotation of arm at shoulder joint
Where does the teres minor originate?
Inferior lateral border of scapula
Where does the teres minor insert?
Greater tubercle of humerus
What muscle action does the teres minor produce?
Laterally rotates and extends the arm joint at the shoulder
Where does the coracobrachialis originate?
Coracoid process of scapula
Where does the coracobrachialis insert?
Middle of medial surface of shaft of humerus
What muscle action does the coracobrachialis produce?
Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder joint
