human anatomy Flashcards
structure and function
1
Q
what is anatomy
A
structure, form and organization of body parts
1
Q
define physiology
A
functions of body parts
2
Q
what are the levels of organization form (least to most complex)
A
atoms, molecules, cell organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
3
Q
what are the ten characteristics of life
A
movement, responsiveness, growth, reproductions, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion
4
Q
define movement
A
change position / motion
5
Q
what is responsiveness
A
reaction to a stimulus
6
Q
define growth
A
increase size without change in shape
7
Q
define repiration
A
release energy from food
8
Q
define absorption
A
move substance through membrane
9
Q
what is circulation
A
move substance through fluids
10
Q
what is assimilation
A
absorption and digestion of food or nutrients
11
Q
what is excretion
A
expel metabolic wastes
12
Q
what are the environmental factors vital to life
A
water, food, oxygen , heat, pressure
13
Q
what is pressure
A
applied force
14
Q
define atmospheric pressure
A
weight of atmosphere ( 14.7 lbs)
15
Q
what is hydrostatic pressure
A
weight of fluid on organism * blood pressure
16
Q
maintaining a stable internal environment, negative feedback loop keeping the body safe. if internal conditions leave a certain parameter = death.
A
homeostasis
17
Q
what are the 3 components of homeostasis
A
set point - ex. 37C (98.6F) body temp.
receptors - get info
effectors- causes response
negative feedback response
18
Q
what is the organization of the human body
A
two portions or divisions: axial and appendicular
19
Q
what is the axial portion of the body
A
head, neck and trunk of body
20
Q
what is the appendicular portion
A
upper and lower limbs
21
Q
define axial anatomy
A
cranial cavity, vertebral canal, thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
22
Q
what is a cranial cavity
A
4 smaller cavities within the head: oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavity, middle ear cavity
23
Q
anatomical position
A
body erect. palms, arms and hands face forward
24
what is the axial skeleton
head and trunk, spine is the axis
25
what is the appendicular skeleton
lower and upper limbs
26
define the coronal plane
aka " frontal" divides into anterior and posterior halves
27
what is transverse plane
aka " axial" dives into superior and inferior halves
28
define medial plane
aka " sagittal" divides into right and left lateral halves
29
what does anterior or ventral mean
towards the front
30
posterior or dorsal
towards the back
31
superficial
on the surface
32
what is peripheral
direction toward the surface
33
define superior
upper regions of the body
34
what is inferior
the lower regions of the body
35
define prone
when the body is horizontal and face down
36
what is supine
when the body is horizontal and face up
37
what is lateral
the side
38
define proximal
point closest to the trunk
39
define distal
the point farthest from the trunk
40
what is flexion
bending at a joint
41
what is an extension
straightening out a joint
42
what is a plantar
the sole of the foot
43
what is a palmar
the palm of the hand
44
what are the 4 types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous
45
what are the 4 main functions of epithelial tissue
1. covers surface of the body
2. lines cavities and passageways
3. acts as a barrier against hostile agents
4. prevents dehydration and fluid loss
46
what is the main function of connective tissue
binds together and supports other tissues and organs. can be solid, liquid, or gel-like
47
what are the 5 types of connective tissue
areolar
fibrous tissue
cartilage
bone
blood
48
what are the 3 classifications of muscular tissue
1. voluntary striated muscle
2. involuntary smooth muscle
3. cardiac muscle
49
what kind of tissue is specialized for communication and consists of neurons and nerve cells
nervous tissue
50
what are 3 ways a nervous tissue can transfer information
1. from one neuron to another
2. from neuron to muscle
3. from sensory receptors to other neural entities
51
what is an organ
body tissue combined together to perform a special function
52
what are the 3 types of tissue aggregates
1. fascia ( membranes that surround organs)
2. ligaments ( connects bone or cartilages)
3. tendons ( connects muscle to bone or cartilage)
53
what is the point of attachment of the least mobile element
the origin of a muscle
54
define insertion
the point of attachment that moves when a muscle contracts
55
what are the 3 types of muscle
1. agonists
2. antagonists
3. synergists
56
what muscles that move a structure
agonist
57
define antagonist
muscles that opposes the contraction of an agonist
58
synergists
muscles that stabilize structures
59
what 4 systems are used for speech
1. respiratory
2. phonatory
3. articulatory/ resonatory
4. nervous
60
what is a cell
microscopic organisms
61
define tissue
cells of same type that join together for a common purpose
62
what are organs
2 or more tissues join together for a specific function
63
what is body system
organs and other parts that join together to provide a major body function
64
what is an organism
the results of all body systems working together to maintain life
65
define the repretory system
system that breathes in oxygen and eliminates CO2
66
define reproductive system
reproduces human being
67
what does the integumentary system
protects from infection and helps regulate body temperature
68
what system carries tissue fluid to blood and helps with immunity
lymphatic system
69
what does the nervous system do
coordinates and controls body functions
70
what system filters blood and eliminates urine
urinary system
71
what does the digestive system do
digests food and eliminates sold waste
72
define homeostasis
the ability of an organism to maintain stability in spite of changes
73
define metabolism
the process by which your body converts what you eat and drink into energy
74
define congenital
acquired during development of the infant in the uterus and existing at or dating from birth
75
what does inherited mean
transmitted from parents to child genetically
76
define infectious
caused by a pathogenic organism such as a bacteria or virus
77
what is a degenerative
is caused by a deterioration of the function or structure of body tissue and organs either by normal body aging or lifestyle choices such as diet and exercise
78
what is protoplasm
makes up all living things and contains ordinary elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus
79
what is the cell membrane
the outer protective covering of the cell
80
define cytoplasm
semifluid substance inside the cell but outside the nucleus, site for chemical reactions in the cell such as protein synthesis and cellular respiration
81
where is the chromatin located at and what is it made up of?
it is located in the nucleus and made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein
82
what is the centrosome
it is located in the cytoplasm and near the nucleus and contains 2 centrioles. during mitosis ( or cell division) the centrioles seperate. which creates an even division of the chromosomes in the 2 new cells
83
define mitocondria
a rod shaped organelles located throughout the cytoplasm. often called the furnaces or powerhouse of the cell because they break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats to adenosine triphosphate, the major energy source of the cell
84
group of cells that work together to preform the same task
tissues
85
what tissue covers the body; main tissue of skin
epithelial tissue
86
define connective tissue
supports organs and other body parts
87
what tissue is made up of special cells called neurons
nerve tissue
88
what does the muscle tissue do
produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers. there are 3 main types
89
what is the skeletal muscle
attaches to bones and provides for movement
90
define the visceral or smooth muscle
present in the walls of the respiratory, digestive, urinary tract, and blood vessels
91
what muscle causes the heart to beat
cardiac muscle
92
what are organs
group of tissue that works together to preform a specific function
93
group of organs working together to preform one of the bodys major functions
systems
94
define anatomical position
universally accepted standard starting point for describing the body
95
what plane divides the body into 2 parts, right and left
sagittal plane
96
define midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal right and left sides
97
define transverse plane
divides the body horizontally into a top or superior, part and a bottom, or inferior part
98
define frontal or coronal plane
dives the body into anterior and posterior sections
99
what is anterior/ventral
front side of the body
100
what is the rear side of the body called
posterior/dorsal
101
define medial
body parts close to the midline
102
what is lateral
body parts away from midline
103
define distal
body parts distant from the point of reference
104
what is proximal
body parts close to the point of refrence
105
inferior
below another structure
106
superior
above another structure
107
____ are body parts located near the head
cranial
108
define caudal
body parts located near the sacral region of the spinal cavity
109
define surface/superfical
on or near the surface, as with a scratch on the skin
110
supine
lying on ones spine, facing upward
111
prone
lying on ones face, facing downward
112
what system breaks down food into substances that cells can absorb
digestive system
113
circulatory
delivery system of the body. delivers nutrients and oxygen throughout the body cells and picks up waste
114
what system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide
respiratory system
115
what system disposes of wastes and controls body fluid levels
excretory system
116
define immune system
fights infections and illness, includes white and blood cells
117
what are the main organs of the digestive system
mouth- beginning of digestion
stomach- acids and muscles break down food
small intestines- absorbs nutrients from food
large intestine- absorbs water
118
main organs of the circulatory system
heart- muscle that pushes blood through arteries
arteries- carries blood away from the heart
veins- carry blood to heart that is low in oxygen and high in waste
119
main organs of the respiratory system
lungs- take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
diaphragm- muscle that forces the lungs to expand and contract and bring air into and out of the lungs
120
what are the main organs of the excretory system
kidney- a filter for the blood. includes the sweat glands, the lungs, the kidney system, urinary system and others
121
what are the main organs of the immune system
includes white blood cells that fight bacteria and viruses
122
what are the main organs in the skeletal system
bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
123
what are the main organs of the muscular system
muscles includes voluntary and involuntary
124
what are the main organs of the integumentary
includes skin ( largest organ of the body) hair and fingernails
125
what are the main organs in the nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves
126
main organs of the endocrine
glands and hormones
127
main organs of the reproductive system
female- ovaries, uterus, vagina
male- testis, penis, scrotum
128
what is the connective tissue
provides support for your body and connects all its parts
129
define nerve tissue
carries electrical and chemical messages between the brain and other parts of the body
130
define the muscle tissue
makes part of your body move by contracting and shortening
131
why are having interrelationships between body systems important
all of these interactions between our organ systems allow our bodies to function healthy and efficiently every day
132
is one body system more crucial than the others?
no. every body system has its own important role to play
133
how does the circulatory system rely on the respiratory system
circulatory system needs the respiratory system to supply oxygen to the heart
134
how does the respiratory system rely on the circulatory system
circulatory system pumps oxygenated blood to the respiratory systems muscles
135
how does the musculoskeletal system rely in the circulatory system
circulatory system pumps oxygen and nutrients to our muscles through the form of blood
135
how does circulatory system rely on the musculoskeletal system
it helps to pump blood throughout the body and shrinking and expanding the blood vessels
136
how does the circulatory system rely on the nervous system
it needs the nervous system to tell the heart when to speed up or slow down or tell the blood vessels when to shrink or expand
137
how does the nervous system rely on the circulatory system
circulatory system supplies it with oxygen and nutrients
138
how does nervous system rely on respiratory system
it tells it when to increase breathing rates or shrink or expand the paths of airflow
139
how does the respiratory system help the nervous system
it supply's it with oxygen, the more energy more required at any moment, will make us increase our breathing rate and oxygen intake
140
how does the digestive system help the respiratory system
by providing the necessary oxygen to the muscles involved in digestion through the circulatory system, allowing them to properly break down food and move through the digestive tract
141
hoe does the musculoskeletal system help the respiratory system
the musculoskeletal system job is to contract breathing muscles like the diaphragm that are a crucial part in breathing
142
how does the respiratory system help the musculoskeletal system
it takes in oxygen so it can make energy molecules
143
how does the digestive system help the circulatory system
it takes nutrients and breaks it down so that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream
144
how does the circulatory system help the digestive system
the circulatory system delivers the nutrients to the body. the digestive system ned the circulatory system to deliver oxygen and nutrients in order to contract.
145
how does the digestive system help the musculoskeletal system
it provides it with nutrients to maintain its structure and repair itself after exercise
146
how does musculoskeletal system help with digestive system
the digestive system relies on the musculoskeletal system to control muscle which surrounds lots of its organs
147
how does the digestive system help with the nervous system
it supply's it with nutrients and supply's organs with what they need to function correctly
148
how does the nervous system help with digestive system
it will send messages to the muscles that help in the digestion of food. they also tell us when we are hungry or full
149
how does the musculoskeletal system help the nervous system
nervous system relies on the musculoskeletal system to send back info from the environment for the brain to process
150
what body system does a fracture occur in
skeletal
151
define fracture
break in bone
152
define arthritis
inflammation of the joints
153
what body system does arthritis occur in
skeletal
154
define amputaion
removal of all or part of limb
155
what body system does an amputation occur in
skeletal
156
what body system does a sprain occur in
skeletal
157
define a sprain
stretched or torn ligaments or tendons
158
in what body system does a bursitis occur
skeletal
159
define bursitis
inflammation of bursa causing pain on movement
160
what body system does paralysis occur in
muscular
161
define paralysis
loss of voluntary movement due to neurological damage such as stroke or trauma
162
define multiple scerosis
weakness of muscles due to loss of covering on nerves that control them
163
in which body system does multiple sclerosis occur
muscular
164
define atrophy
muscle mass decreases in size
165
in what body system does atrophy happen in
muscular
166
in what body system does contracture happen in
muscular
167
what is a contracture
a permanent shortening of muscle; joints become ankylosed (frozen)
168
in what body system does a muscle strain occur in
muscular
169
define a muscle strain
damage cause by trauma
170
what is myalgia
muscle pain
171
in which body system does myalgia occur
muscular
172
what is a torn muscle
tear caused by trauma
173
in which body system does a torn muscle occur in
muscular
173
define arteriosclerosis
walls of arteries become thick and harden
174
in which body system does arteriosclerosis occur
circulatory
175
in which body system does hypertension occur in
circulatory
176
define hypertension
high blood pressure
177
in what body system does peripheral vascular disease occur in
circulatory
178
define peripheral vascular disease
decrease in flow of blood to extremities and brain
179
in what body system does angina pectoris occur in
circulatory
180
define angina pectoris
chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't receive enough oxygen-rich blood
181
in which body system does varicose veins occur in
circulatory
182
define varicose veins
enlarged, twisted veins usually in legs
183
in what body system do congestive heart failure occur in
circulatory
184
define congestive heart failure
circulatory congestion caused by weak pumping of heart muscle
185
define myocardial infraction (MI)
heart attack due to blockage in coronary arteries
186
in what body part does myocardial infraction occur in
circulatory
187
define anemia
low red blood cell counts
187
in what body system does anemia occur in
circulatory
188
define thrombus
blood clots that can impede blood flow
189
in what body system does thrombus occur in
circulatory
190
in what body system does phlebitis occur in
circulatory
191
define phlebitis
inflammation of vein
192
in what body system does atherosclerosis occur in
circulatory
193
define atherosclerosis
fatty deposits on wall of arteries that reduce blood flow
194
in what body system does URI ( upper respiratory infection ) happen in
respiratory
195
define URI ( upper respiratory infection)
affecting the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, throat, and sinuses, typically caused by viruses and resulting in symptoms like a runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, and sometimes fever
196
in what body system does pneumonia occur in
respiratory
197
define pneumonia
inflammation or infection of the lungs
198
define emphysema ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease- COPD)
a lung condition characterized by damage to the air sacs in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing due to obstructed airflow
199
in what body system does emphysema ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease- COPD) occur
respiratory
200
define asthma
spasms of bronchial tube walls causing narrowing of air passages usually due to allergies
201
in what body system does asthma occur in
respiratory
202
in what body system do allergies occur in
respiratory
203
define allergy
reaction to substances that leads to slight or severe response by body
204
in what body system does influenza occur in
respiratory
205
define flu/influenza
highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory system
206
in what body system does pleurisy occur in
respiratory
207
define pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura surrounding the lungs
208
in what body system does bronchitis occur in
respiratory
209
what is bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi ( the air ways in the lungs
210
in what body system does lung cancer occur in
respiratory
211
what is lung cancer
malignant tumors in the lungs that destroy tissue
212
in what body system does ulcer occur
digestive
213
define ulcer
a lesion or erosion of the lining of the stomach or small intestine
214
in what body system does hepatitis occur in
digestive
215
what is hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
216
in what body system does cirrhosis occur in
digestive
217
define cirrhosis
chronic disease of liver where scar tissue replaces liver tissue
218
in what body system does cholelithiasis occur in
digestive
219
define cholelithiasis
the medical term for gallstones, which are solid deposits of hardened bile that form in the gallbladder
220
define and say in what body system does pancreatitis occur in
and inflammation of the pancreas and occurs in digestive
221
what are infectious diseases caused by
caused by tiny organisms called pathogens
222
what is the immune system
responsible for distinguishing between the different kinds of pathogens and reacting to each according to its type
223
define a cold
an illness caused by a viral infection located in the respiratory system
224
what is an athletes foot
a common fungal infection of the skin of the feet
225
what are AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome )
caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. the virus attacks the cells in the immune system making the organism unable to fight off other pathogens that may attack the body
226
what does AIDS stand for
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
227
what is strep throat
a contagious disease caused by bacterial infection
228
what is a noninfectious diseases
diseases that are not caused by pathogens in the body
229
define diabetes
disease that results in the glucose level of the blood being higher than the normal range
230
what is the name of the disease of the nervous system that occurs when certain nerve cells in the brain stop functioning properly, affecting the muscular system
parkinsons disease
231
define skin cancer
disease in which skin cells found in the outer layers of the skin becomes damaged
232
what is arthritis
any of several disorders that cause inflammation of the joints
233
what is the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions such as breathing, heartbeat and digestion
autonomic nervous system
234
what is cancer
the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body's tissue and organs
235
