human anatomy Flashcards
structure and function
what is anatomy
structure, form and organization of body parts
define physiology
functions of body parts
what are the levels of organization form (least to most complex)
atoms, molecules, cell organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
what are the ten characteristics of life
movement, responsiveness, growth, reproductions, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion
define movement
change position / motion
what is responsiveness
reaction to a stimulus
define growth
increase size without change in shape
define repiration
release energy from food
define absorption
move substance through membrane
what is circulation
move substance through fluids
what is assimilation
absorption and digestion of food or nutrients
what is excretion
expel metabolic wastes
what are the environmental factors vital to life
water, food, oxygen , heat, pressure
what is pressure
applied force
define atmospheric pressure
weight of atmosphere ( 14.7 lbs)
what is hydrostatic pressure
weight of fluid on organism * blood pressure
maintaining a stable internal environment, negative feedback loop keeping the body safe. if internal conditions leave a certain parameter = death.
homeostasis
what are the 3 components of homeostasis
set point - ex. 37C (98.6F) body temp.
receptors - get info
effectors- causes response
negative feedback response
what is the organization of the human body
two portions or divisions: axial and appendicular
what is the axial portion of the body
head, neck and trunk of body
what is the appendicular portion
upper and lower limbs
define axial anatomy
cranial cavity, vertebral canal, thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
what is a cranial cavity
4 smaller cavities within the head: oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavity, middle ear cavity
anatomical position
body erect. palms, arms and hands face forward
what is the axial skeleton
head and trunk, spine is the axis
what is the appendicular skeleton
lower and upper limbs
define the coronal plane
aka “ frontal” divides into anterior and posterior halves
what is transverse plane
aka “ axial” dives into superior and inferior halves
define medial plane
aka “ sagittal” divides into right and left lateral halves
what does anterior or ventral mean
towards the front
posterior or dorsal
towards the back
superficial
on the surface
what is peripheral
direction toward the surface
define superior
upper regions of the body
what is inferior
the lower regions of the body
define prone
when the body is horizontal and face down
what is supine
when the body is horizontal and face up
what is lateral
the side
define proximal
point closest to the trunk
define distal
the point farthest from the trunk
what is flexion
bending at a joint
what is an extension
straightening out a joint
what is a plantar
the sole of the foot
what is a palmar
the palm of the hand
what are the 4 types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous
what are the 4 main functions of epithelial tissue
- covers surface of the body
- lines cavities and passageways
- acts as a barrier against hostile agents
- prevents dehydration and fluid loss
what is the main function of connective tissue
binds together and supports other tissues and organs. can be solid, liquid, or gel-like
what are the 5 types of connective tissue
areolar
fibrous tissue
cartilage
bone
blood
what are the 3 classifications of muscular tissue
- voluntary striated muscle
- involuntary smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
what kind of tissue is specialized for communication and consists of neurons and nerve cells
nervous tissue
what are 3 ways a nervous tissue can transfer information
- from one neuron to another
- from neuron to muscle
- from sensory receptors to other neural entities
what is an organ
body tissue combined together to perform a special function
what are the 3 types of tissue aggregates
- fascia ( membranes that surround organs)
- ligaments ( connects bone or cartilages)
- tendons ( connects muscle to bone or cartilage)
what is the point of attachment of the least mobile element
the origin of a muscle
define insertion
the point of attachment that moves when a muscle contracts
what are the 3 types of muscle
- agonists
- antagonists
- synergists
what muscles that move a structure
agonist
define antagonist
muscles that opposes the contraction of an agonist
synergists
muscles that stabilize structures
what 4 systems are used for speech
- respiratory
- phonatory
- articulatory/ resonatory
- nervous
what is a cell
microscopic organisms
define tissue
cells of same type that join together for a common purpose
what are organs
2 or more tissues join together for a specific function
what is body system
organs and other parts that join together to provide a major body function
what is an organism
the results of all body systems working together to maintain life
define the repretory system
system that breathes in oxygen and eliminates CO2
define reproductive system
reproduces human being
what does the integumentary system
protects from infection and helps regulate body temperature
what system carries tissue fluid to blood and helps with immunity
lymphatic system
what does the nervous system do
coordinates and controls body functions
what system filters blood and eliminates urine
urinary system
what does the digestive system do
digests food and eliminates sold waste
define homeostasis
the ability of an organism to maintain stability in spite of changes
define metabolism
the process by which your body converts what you eat and drink into energy
define congenital
acquired during development of the infant in the uterus and existing at or dating from birth
what does inherited mean
transmitted from parents to child genetically
define infectious
caused by a pathogenic organism such as a bacteria or virus
what is a degenerative
is caused by a deterioration of the function or structure of body tissue and organs either by normal body aging or lifestyle choices such as diet and exercise
what is protoplasm
makes up all living things and contains ordinary elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus
what is the cell membrane
the outer protective covering of the cell
define cytoplasm
semifluid substance inside the cell but outside the nucleus, site for chemical reactions in the cell such as protein synthesis and cellular respiration
where is the chromatin located at and what is it made up of?
it is located in the nucleus and made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein
what is the centrosome
it is located in the cytoplasm and near the nucleus and contains 2 centrioles. during mitosis ( or cell division) the centrioles seperate. which creates an even division of the chromosomes in the 2 new cells
define mitocondria
a rod shaped organelles located throughout the cytoplasm. often called the furnaces or powerhouse of the cell because they break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats to adenosine triphosphate, the major energy source of the cell
group of cells that work together to preform the same task
tissues
what tissue covers the body; main tissue of skin
epithelial tissue
define connective tissue
supports organs and other body parts
what tissue is made up of special cells called neurons
nerve tissue
what does the muscle tissue do
produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers. there are 3 main types
what is the skeletal muscle
attaches to bones and provides for movement
define the visceral or smooth muscle
present in the walls of the respiratory, digestive, urinary tract, and blood vessels
what muscle causes the heart to beat
cardiac muscle
what are organs
group of tissue that works together to preform a specific function
group of organs working together to preform one of the bodys major functions
systems
define anatomical position
universally accepted standard starting point for describing the body
what plane divides the body into 2 parts, right and left
sagittal plane
define midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal right and left sides
define transverse plane
divides the body horizontally into a top or superior, part and a bottom, or inferior part
define frontal or coronal plane
dives the body into anterior and posterior sections
what is anterior/ventral
front side of the body
what is the rear side of the body called
posterior/dorsal
define medial
body parts close to the midline
what is lateral
body parts away from midline
define distal
body parts distant from the point of reference
what is proximal
body parts close to the point of refrence
inferior
below another structure
superior
above another structure
____ are body parts located near the head
cranial
define caudal
body parts located near the sacral region of the spinal cavity
define surface/superfical
on or near the surface, as with a scratch on the skin
supine
lying on ones spine, facing upward
prone
lying on ones face, facing downward
what system breaks down food into substances that cells can absorb
digestive system
circulatory
delivery system of the body. delivers nutrients and oxygen throughout the body cells and picks up waste
what system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide
respiratory system
what system disposes of wastes and controls body fluid levels
excretory system
define immune system
fights infections and illness, includes white and blood cells
what are the main organs of the digestive system
mouth- beginning of digestion
stomach- acids and muscles break down food
small intestines- absorbs nutrients from food
large intestine- absorbs water
main organs of the circulatory system
heart- muscle that pushes blood through arteries
arteries- carries blood away from the heart
veins- carry blood to heart that is low in oxygen and high in waste
main organs of the respiratory system
lungs- take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
diaphragm- muscle that forces the lungs to expand and contract and bring air into and out of the lungs
what are the main organs of the excretory system
kidney- a filter for the blood. includes the sweat glands, the lungs, the kidney system, urinary system and others
what are the main organs of the immune system
includes white blood cells that fight bacteria and viruses
what are the main organs in the skeletal system
bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
what are the main organs of the muscular system
muscles includes voluntary and involuntary
what are the main organs of the integumentary
includes skin ( largest organ of the body) hair and fingernails
what are the main organs in the nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves
main organs of the endocrine
glands and hormones
main organs of the reproductive system
female- ovaries, uterus, vagina
male- testis, penis, scrotum
what is the connective tissue
provides support for your body and connects all its parts
define nerve tissue
carries electrical and chemical messages between the brain and other parts of the body
define the muscle tissue
makes part of your body move by contracting and shortening
why are having interrelationships between body systems important
all of these interactions between our organ systems allow our bodies to function healthy and efficiently every day
is one body system more crucial than the others?
no. every body system has its own important role to play
how does the circulatory system rely on the respiratory system
circulatory system needs the respiratory system to supply oxygen to the heart
how does the respiratory system rely on the circulatory system
circulatory system pumps oxygenated blood to the respiratory systems muscles
how does the musculoskeletal system rely in the circulatory system
circulatory system pumps oxygen and nutrients to our muscles through the form of blood
how does circulatory system rely on the musculoskeletal system
it helps to pump blood throughout the body and shrinking and expanding the blood vessels
how does the circulatory system rely on the nervous system
it needs the nervous system to tell the heart when to speed up or slow down or tell the blood vessels when to shrink or expand
how does the nervous system rely on the circulatory system
circulatory system supplies it with oxygen and nutrients
how does nervous system rely on respiratory system
it tells it when to increase breathing rates or shrink or expand the paths of airflow
how does the respiratory system help the nervous system
it supply’s it with oxygen, the more energy more required at any moment, will make us increase our breathing rate and oxygen intake
how does the digestive system help the respiratory system
by providing the necessary oxygen to the muscles involved in digestion through the circulatory system, allowing them to properly break down food and move through the digestive tract
hoe does the musculoskeletal system help the respiratory system
the musculoskeletal system job is to contract breathing muscles like the diaphragm that are a crucial part in breathing
how does the respiratory system help the musculoskeletal system
it takes in oxygen so it can make energy molecules
how does the digestive system help the circulatory system
it takes nutrients and breaks it down so that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream
how does the circulatory system help the digestive system
the circulatory system delivers the nutrients to the body. the digestive system ned the circulatory system to deliver oxygen and nutrients in order to contract.
how does the digestive system help the musculoskeletal system
it provides it with nutrients to maintain its structure and repair itself after exercise
how does musculoskeletal system help with digestive system
the digestive system relies on the musculoskeletal system to control muscle which surrounds lots of its organs
how does the digestive system help with the nervous system
it supply’s it with nutrients and supply’s organs with what they need to function correctly
how does the nervous system help with digestive system
it will send messages to the muscles that help in the digestion of food. they also tell us when we are hungry or full
how does the musculoskeletal system help the nervous system
nervous system relies on the musculoskeletal system to send back info from the environment for the brain to process
what body system does a fracture occur in
skeletal
define fracture
break in bone
define arthritis
inflammation of the joints
what body system does arthritis occur in
skeletal
define amputaion
removal of all or part of limb
what body system does an amputation occur in
skeletal
what body system does a sprain occur in
skeletal
define a sprain
stretched or torn ligaments or tendons
in what body system does a bursitis occur
skeletal
define bursitis
inflammation of bursa causing pain on movement
what body system does paralysis occur in
muscular
define paralysis
loss of voluntary movement due to neurological damage such as stroke or trauma
define multiple scerosis
weakness of muscles due to loss of covering on nerves that control them
in which body system does multiple sclerosis occur
muscular
define atrophy
muscle mass decreases in size
in what body system does atrophy happen in
muscular
in what body system does contracture happen in
muscular
what is a contracture
a permanent shortening of muscle; joints become ankylosed (frozen)
in what body system does a muscle strain occur in
muscular
define a muscle strain
damage cause by trauma
what is myalgia
muscle pain
in which body system does myalgia occur
muscular
what is a torn muscle
tear caused by trauma
in which body system does a torn muscle occur in
muscular
define arteriosclerosis
walls of arteries become thick and harden
in which body system does arteriosclerosis occur
circulatory
in which body system does hypertension occur in
circulatory
define hypertension
high blood pressure
in what body system does peripheral vascular disease occur in
circulatory
define peripheral vascular disease
decrease in flow of blood to extremities and brain
in what body system does angina pectoris occur in
circulatory
define angina pectoris
chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t receive enough oxygen-rich blood
in which body system does varicose veins occur in
circulatory
define varicose veins
enlarged, twisted veins usually in legs
in what body system do congestive heart failure occur in
circulatory
define congestive heart failure
circulatory congestion caused by weak pumping of heart muscle
define myocardial infraction (MI)
heart attack due to blockage in coronary arteries
in what body part does myocardial infraction occur in
circulatory
define anemia
low red blood cell counts
in what body system does anemia occur in
circulatory
define thrombus
blood clots that can impede blood flow
in what body system does thrombus occur in
circulatory
in what body system does phlebitis occur in
circulatory
define phlebitis
inflammation of vein
in what body system does atherosclerosis occur in
circulatory
define atherosclerosis
fatty deposits on wall of arteries that reduce blood flow
in what body system does URI ( upper respiratory infection ) happen in
respiratory
define URI ( upper respiratory infection)
affecting the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, throat, and sinuses, typically caused by viruses and resulting in symptoms like a runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, and sometimes fever
in what body system does pneumonia occur in
respiratory
define pneumonia
inflammation or infection of the lungs
define emphysema ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease- COPD)
a lung condition characterized by damage to the air sacs in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing due to obstructed airflow
in what body system does emphysema ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease- COPD) occur
respiratory
define asthma
spasms of bronchial tube walls causing narrowing of air passages usually due to allergies
in what body system does asthma occur in
respiratory
in what body system do allergies occur in
respiratory
define allergy
reaction to substances that leads to slight or severe response by body
in what body system does influenza occur in
respiratory
define flu/influenza
highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory system
in what body system does pleurisy occur in
respiratory
define pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura surrounding the lungs
in what body system does bronchitis occur in
respiratory
what is bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi ( the air ways in the lungs
in what body system does lung cancer occur in
respiratory
what is lung cancer
malignant tumors in the lungs that destroy tissue
in what body system does ulcer occur
digestive
define ulcer
a lesion or erosion of the lining of the stomach or small intestine
in what body system does hepatitis occur in
digestive
what is hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
in what body system does cirrhosis occur in
digestive
define cirrhosis
chronic disease of liver where scar tissue replaces liver tissue
in what body system does cholelithiasis occur in
digestive
define cholelithiasis
the medical term for gallstones, which are solid deposits of hardened bile that form in the gallbladder
define and say in what body system does pancreatitis occur in
and inflammation of the pancreas and occurs in digestive
what are infectious diseases caused by
caused by tiny organisms called pathogens
what is the immune system
responsible for distinguishing between the different kinds of pathogens and reacting to each according to its type
define a cold
an illness caused by a viral infection located in the respiratory system
what is an athletes foot
a common fungal infection of the skin of the feet
what are AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome )
caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. the virus attacks the cells in the immune system making the organism unable to fight off other pathogens that may attack the body
what does AIDS stand for
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
what is strep throat
a contagious disease caused by bacterial infection
what is a noninfectious diseases
diseases that are not caused by pathogens in the body
define diabetes
disease that results in the glucose level of the blood being higher than the normal range
what is the name of the disease of the nervous system that occurs when certain nerve cells in the brain stop functioning properly, affecting the muscular system
parkinsons disease
define skin cancer
disease in which skin cells found in the outer layers of the skin becomes damaged
what is arthritis
any of several disorders that cause inflammation of the joints
what is the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions such as breathing, heartbeat and digestion
autonomic nervous system
what is cancer
the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body’s tissue and organs
