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skills usa basic health care skills > human anatomy > Flashcards

human anatomy Flashcards

structure and function

1
Q

what is anatomy

A

structure, form and organization of body parts

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1
Q

define physiology

A

functions of body parts

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2
Q

what are the levels of organization from (least to most complex)

A

atoms, molecules organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism( human ) atomic, molecular and cellular levels

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3
Q

what are the ten characteristics of life

A

movement, responsiveness, growth, reproductions, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion

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4
Q

define movement

A

change position / motion

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5
Q

what is responsiveness

A

reaction to a stimulus

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6
Q

define growth

A

increase size without change in shape

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7
Q

define repiration

A

release energy from food

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8
Q

define absorption

A

move substance through membrane

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9
Q

what is circulation

A

move substance through fluids

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10
Q

what is assimilation

A

change substances

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11
Q

what is excretion

A

remove metabolic wastes

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12
Q

what are the environmental factors vital to life

A

water, food, oxygen , heat, pressure

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13
Q

what is pressure

A

applied force

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14
Q

define atmospheric pressure

A

weight of atmosphere ( 14.7 lbs)

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15
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

weight of fluid on organism * blood pressure

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16
Q

maintaining a stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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17
Q

what are the 3 components of homeostasis

A

set point - ex. 37C (98.6F) body temp.
receptors - get info
effectors- causes response
negative feedback response

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18
Q

what is the organization of the human body

A

two portions or divisions: axial and appendicular

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19
Q

what is the axial portion of the body

A

head, neck and trunk of body

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20
Q

what is the appendicular portion

A

upper and lower limbs

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21
Q

define axial anatomy

A

cranial cavity, vertebral canal, thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

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22
Q

what is a cranial cavity

A

4 smaller cavities within the head: oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavity, middle ear cavity

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23
Q

anatomical position

A

body erect. palms, arms and hands face forward

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24
Q

what is the axial skeleton

A

head and trunk, spine is the axis

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25
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton

A

lower and upper limbs

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26
Q

define the coronal plane

A

aka “ frontal” divides into anterior and posterior halves

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27
Q

what is transverse plane

A

aka “ axial” dives into superior and inferior halves

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28
Q

define medial plane

A

aka “ sagittal” divides into right and left lateral halves

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29
Q

what does anterior or ventral mean

A

towards the front

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30
Q

posterior or dorsal

A

towards the back

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31
Q

superficial

A

on the surface

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32
Q

what is peripheral

A

direction toward the surface

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33
Q

define superior

A

upper regions of the body

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34
Q

what is inferior

A

the lower regions of the body

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35
Q

define prone

A

when the body is horizontal and face down

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36
Q

what is supine

A

when the body is horizontal and face up

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37
Q

what is lateral

A

the side

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38
Q

define proximal

A

point closest to the trunk

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39
Q

define distal

A

the point farthest from the trunk

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40
Q

what is flexion

A

bending at a joint

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41
Q

what is an extension

A

straightening out a joint

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42
Q

what is a plantar

A

the sole of the foot

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43
Q

what is a palmar

A

the palm of the hand

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44
Q

what are the 4 types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous

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45
Q

what are the 4 main functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. covers surface of the body
  2. lines cavities and passageways
  3. acts as a barrier against hostile agents
  4. prevents dehydration and fluid loss
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46
Q

what is the main function of connective tissue

A

binds together and supports other tissues and organs. can be solid, liquid, or gel-like

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47
Q

what are the 5 types of connective tissue

A

areolar
fibrous tissue
cartilage
bone
blood

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48
Q

what are the 3 classifications of muscular tissue

A
  1. voluntary striated muscle
  2. involuntary smooth muscle
  3. cardiac muscle
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49
Q

what kind of tissue is specialized for communication and consists of neurons and nerve cells

A

nervous tissue

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50
Q

what are 3 ways a nervous tissue can transfer information

A
  1. from one neuron to another
  2. from neuron to muscle
  3. from sensory receptors to other neural entities
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51
Q

what is an organ

A

body tissue combined together to perform a special function

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52
Q

what are the 3 types of tissue aggregates

A
  1. fascia ( membranes that surround organs)
  2. ligaments ( connects bone or cartilages)
  3. tendons ( connects muscle to bone or cartilage)
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53
Q

what is the point of attachment of the least mobile element

A

the origin of a muscle

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54
Q

define insertion

A

the point of attachment that moves when a muscle contracts

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55
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle

A
  1. agonists
  2. antagonists
  3. synergists
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56
Q

what muscles that move a structure

A

agonist

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57
Q

define antagonist

A

muscles that opposes the contraction of an agonist

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58
Q

synergists

A

muscles that stabilize structures

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59
Q

what 4 systems are used for speech

A
  1. respiratory
  2. phonatory
  3. articulatory/ resonatory
  4. nervous
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60
Q

what is a cell

A

microscopic organisms

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61
Q

define tissue

A

cells of same type that join together for a common purpose

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62
Q

what are organs

A

2 or more tissues join together for a specific function

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63
Q

what is body system

A

organs and other parts that join together to provide a major body function

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64
Q

what is an organism

A

the results of all body systems working together to maintain life

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65
Q

define the repretory system

A

system that breathes in oxygen and eliminates CO2

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66
Q

define reproductive system

A

reproduces human being

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67
Q

what does the integumentary system

A

protects from infection and helps regulate body temperature

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68
Q

what system carries tissue fluid to blood and helps with immunity

A

lymphatic system

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69
Q

what does the nervous system do

A

coordinates and controls body functions

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70
Q

what system filters blood and eliminates urine

A

urinary system

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71
Q

what does the digestive system do

A

digests food and eliminates sold waste

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72
Q

define homeostasis

A

the ability of an organism to maintain stability in spite of changes

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73
Q

define metabolism

A

the process by which your body converts what you eat and drink into energy

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74
Q

define congenital

A

acquired during development of the infant in the uterus and existing at or dating from birth

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75
Q

what does inherited mean

A

transmitted from parents to child genetically

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76
Q

define infectious

A

caused by a pathogenic organism such as a bacteria or virus

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77
Q

what is a degenerative

A

is caused by a deterioration of the function or structure of body tissue and organs either by normal body aging or lifestyle choices such as diet and exercise

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78
Q

what is protoplasm

A

makes up all living things and contains ordinary elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus

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79
Q

what is the cell membrane

A

the outer protective covering of the cell

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80
Q

define cytoplasm

A

semifluid substance inside the cell but outside the nucleus, site for chemical reactions in the cell such as protein synthesis and cellular respiration

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81
Q

where is the chromatin located at and what is it made up of?

A

it is located in the nucleus and made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein

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82
Q

what is the centrosome

A

it is located in the cytoplasm and near the nucleus and contains 2 centrioles. during mitosis ( or cell division) the centrioles seperate. which creates an even division of the chromosomes in the 2 new cells

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83
Q

define mitocondria

A

a rod shaped organelles located throughout the cytoplasm. often called the furnaces or powerhouse of the cell because they break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats to adenosine triphosphate, the major energy source of the cell

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84
Q

group of cells that work together to preform the same task

A

tissues

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85
Q

what tissue covers the body; main tissue of skin

A

epithelial tissue

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86
Q

define connective tissue

A

supports organs and other body parts

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87
Q

what tissue is made up of special cells called neurons

A

nerve tissue

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88
Q

what does the muscle tissue do

A

produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers. there are 3 main types

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89
Q

what is the skeletal muscle

A

attaches to bones and provides for movement

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90
Q

define the visceral or smooth muscle

A

present in the walls of the respiratory, digestive, urinary tract, and blood vessels

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91
Q

what muscle causes the heart to beat

A

cardiac muscle

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92
Q

what are organs

A

group of tissue that works together to preform a specific function

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93
Q

group of organs working together to preform one of the bodys major functions

A

systems

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94
Q

define anatomical position

A

universally accepted standard starting point for describing the body

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95
Q

what plane divides the body into 2 parts, right and left

A

sagittal plane

96
Q

define midsagittal plane

A

divides the body into equal right and left sides

97
Q

define transverse plane

A

divides the body horizontally into a top or superior, part and a bottom, or inferior part

98
Q

define frontal or coronal plane

A

dives the body into anterior and posterior sections

99
Q

what is anterior/ventral

A

front side of the body

100
Q

what is the rear side of the body called

A

posterior/dorsal

101
Q

define medial

A

body parts close to the midline

102
Q

what is lateral

A

body parts away from midline

103
Q

define distal

A

body parts distant from the point of reference

104
Q

what is proximal

A

body parts close to the point of refrence

105
Q

inferior

A

below another structure

106
Q

superior

A

above another structure

107
Q

____ are body parts located near the head

A

cranial

108
Q

define caudal

A

body parts located near the sacral region of the spinal cavity

109
Q

define surface/superfical

A

on or near the surface, as with a scratch on the skin

110
Q

supine

A

lying on ones spine, facing upward

111
Q

prone

A

lying on ones face, facing downward

112
Q

what system breaks down food into substances that cells can absorb

A

digestive system

113
Q

circulatory

A

delivery system of the body. delivers nutrients and oxygen throughout the body cells and picks up waste

114
Q

what system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide

A

respiratory system

115
Q

what system disposes of wastes and controls body fluid levels

A

excretory system

116
Q

define immune system

A

fights infections and illness, includes white and blood cells

117
Q

what are the main organs of the digestive system

A

mouth- beginning of digestion

stomach- acids and muscles break down food

small intestines- absorbs nutrients from food

large intestine- absorbs water

118
Q

main organs of the circulatory system

A

heart- muscle that pushes blood through arteries

arteries- carries blood away from the heart

veins- carry blood to heart that is low in oxygen and high in waste

119
Q

main organs of the respiratory system

A

lungs- take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide

diaphragm- muscle that forces the lungs to expand and contract and bring air into and out of the lungs

120
Q

what are the main organs of the excretory system

A

kidney- a filter for the blood. includes the sweat glands, the lungs, the kidney system, urinary system and others

121
Q

what are the main organs of the immune system

A

includes white blood cells that fight bacteria and viruses

122
Q

what are the main organs in the skeletal system

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

123
Q

what are the main organs of the muscular system

A

muscles includes voluntary and involuntary

124
Q

what are the main organs of the integumentary

A

includes skin ( largest organ of the body) hair and fingernails

125
Q

what are the main organs in the nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

126
Q

main organs of the endocrine

A

glands and hormones

127
Q

main organs of the reproductive system

A

female- ovaries, uterus, vagina

male- testis, penis, scrotum

128
Q

what is the connective tissue

A

provides support for your body and connects all its parts

129
Q

define nerve tissue

A

carries electrical and chemical messages between the brain and other parts of the body

130
Q

define the muscle tissue

A

makes part of your body move by contracting and shortening

131
Q

why are having interrelationships between body systems important

A

all of these interactions between our organ systems allow our bodies to function healthy and efficiently every day

132
Q

is one body system more crucial than the others?

A

no. every body system has its own important role to play

133
Q

how does the circulatory system rely on the respiratory system

A

circulatory system needs the respiratory system to supply oxygen to the heart

134
Q

how does the respiratory system rely on the circulatory system

A

circulatory system pumps oxygenated blood to the respiratory systems muscles

135
Q

how does the musculoskeletal system rely in the circulatory system

A

circulatory system pumps oxygen and nutrients to our muscles through the form of blood

135
Q

how does circulatory system rely on the musculoskeletal system

A

it helps to pump blood throughout the body and shrinking and expanding the blood vessels

136
Q

how does the circulatory system rely on the nervous system

A

it needs the nervous system to tell the heart when to speed up or slow down or tell the blood vessels when to shrink or expand

137
Q

how does the nervous system rely on the circulatory system

A

circulatory system supplies it with oxygen and nutrients

138
Q

how does nervous system rely on respiratory system

A

it tells it when to increase breathing rates or shrink or expand the paths of airflow

139
Q

how does the respiratory system help the nervous system

A

it supply’s it with oxygen, the more energy more required at any moment, will make us increase our breathing rate and oxygen intake

140
Q

how does the digestive system help the respiratory system

A

by providing the necessary oxygen to the muscles involved in digestion through the circulatory system, allowing them to properly break down food and move through the digestive tract

141
Q

hoe does the musculoskeletal system help the respiratory system

A

the musculoskeletal system job is to contract breathing muscles like the diaphragm that are a crucial part in breathing

142
Q

how does the respiratory system help the musculoskeletal system

A

it takes in oxygen so it can make energy molecules

143
Q

how does the digestive system help the circulatory system

A

it takes nutrients and breaks it down so that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream

144
Q

how does the circulatory system help the digestive system

A

the circulatory system delivers the nutrients to the body. the digestive system ned the circulatory system to deliver oxygen and nutrients in order to contract.

145
Q

how does the digestive system help the musculoskeletal system

A

it provides it with nutrients to maintain its structure and repair itself after exercise

146
Q

how does musculoskeletal system help with digestive system

A

the digestive system relies on the musculoskeletal system to control muscle which surrounds lots of its organs

147
Q

how does the digestive system help with the nervous system

A

it supply’s it with nutrients and supply’s organs with what they need to function correctly

148
Q

how does the nervous system help with digestive system

A

it will send messages to the muscles that help in the digestion of food. they also tell us when we are hungry or full

149
Q

how does the musculoskeletal system help the nervous system

A

nervous system relies on the musculoskeletal system to send back info from the environment for the brain to process

150
Q

what body system does a fracture occur in

A

skeletal

151
Q

define fracture

A

break in bone

152
Q

define arthritis

A

inflammation of the joints

153
Q

what body system does arthritis occur in

A

skeletal

154
Q

define amputaion

A

removal of all or part of limb

155
Q

what body system does an amputation occur in

A

skeletal

156
Q

what body system does a sprain occur in

A

skeletal

157
Q

define a sprain

A

stretched or torn ligaments or tendons

158
Q

in what body system does a bursitis occur

A

skeletal

159
Q

define bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa causing pain on movement

160
Q

what body system does paralysis occur in

A

muscular

161
Q

define paralysis

A

loss of voluntary movement due to neurological damage such as stroke or trauma

162
Q

define multiple scerosis

A

weakness of muscles due to loss of covering on nerves that control them

163
Q

in which body system does multiple sclerosis occur

A

muscular

164
Q

define atrophy

A

muscle mass decreases in size

165
Q

in what body system does atrophy happen in

A

muscular

166
Q

in what body system does contracture happen in

A

muscular

167
Q

what is a contracture

A

a permanent shortening of muscle; joints become ankylosed (frozen)

168
Q

in what body system does a muscle strain occur in

A

muscular

169
Q

define a muscle strain

A

damage cause by trauma

170
Q

what is myalgia

A

muscle pain

171
Q

in which body system does myalgia occur

A

muscular

172
Q

what is a torn muscle

A

tear caused by trauma

173
Q

in which body system does a torn muscle occur in

A

muscular

173
Q

define arteriosclerosis

A

walls of arteries become thick and harden

174
Q

in which body system does arteriosclerosis occur

A

circulatory

175
Q

in which body system does hypertension occur in

A

circulatory

176
Q

define hypertension

A

high blood pressure

177
Q

in what body system does peripheral vascular disease occur in

A

circulatory

178
Q

define peripheral vascular disease

A

decrease in flow of blood to extremities and brain

179
Q

in what body system does angina pectoris occur in

A

circulatory

180
Q

define angina pectoris

A

chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t receive enough oxygen-rich blood

181
Q

in which body system does varicose veins occur in

A

circulatory

182
Q

define varicose veins

A

enlarged, twisted veins usually in legs

183
Q

in what body system do congestive heart failure occur in

A

circulatory

184
Q

define congestive heart failure

A

circulatory congestion caused by weak pumping of heart muscle

185
Q

define myocardial infraction (MI)

A

heart attack due to blockage in coronary arteries

186
Q

in what body part does myocardial infraction occur in

A

circulatory

187
Q

define anemia

A

low red blood cell counts

187
Q

in what body system does anemia occur in

A

circulatory

188
Q

define thrombus

A

blood clots that can impede blood flow

189
Q

in what body system does thrombus occur in

A

circulatory

190
Q

in what body system does phlebitis occur in

A

circulatory

191
Q

define phlebitis

A

inflammation of vein

192
Q

in what body system does atherosclerosis occur in

A

circulatory

193
Q

define atherosclerosis

A

fatty deposits on wall of arteries that reduce blood flow

194
Q

in what body system does URI ( upper respiratory infection ) happen in

A

respiratory

195
Q

define URI ( upper respiratory infection)

A

affecting the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, throat, and sinuses, typically caused by viruses and resulting in symptoms like a runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, and sometimes fever

196
Q

in what body system does pneumonia occur in

A

respiratory

197
Q

define pneumonia

A

inflammation or infection of the lungs

198
Q

define emphysema ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease- COPD)

A

a lung condition characterized by damage to the air sacs in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing due to obstructed airflow

199
Q

in what body system does emphysema ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease- COPD) occur

A

respiratory

200
Q

define asthma

A

spasms of bronchial tube walls causing narrowing of air passages usually due to allergies

201
Q

in what body system does asthma occur in

A

respiratory

202
Q

in what body system do allergies occur in

A

respiratory

203
Q

define allergy

A

reaction to substances that leads to slight or severe response by body

204
Q

in what body system does influenza occur in

A

respiratory

205
Q

define flu/influenza

A

highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory system

206
Q

in what body system does pleurisy occur in

A

respiratory

207
Q

define pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleura surrounding the lungs

208
Q

in what body system does bronchitis occur in

A

respiratory

209
Q

what is bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi ( the air ways in the lungs

210
Q

in what body system does lung cancer occur in

A

respiratory

211
Q

what is lung cancer

A

malignant tumors in the lungs that destroy tissue

212
Q

in what body system does ulcer occur

A

digestive

213
Q

define ulcer

A

a lesion or erosion of the lining of the stomach or small intestine

214
Q

in what body system does hepatitis occur in

A

digestive

215
Q

what is hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

216
Q

in what body system does cirrhosis occur in

A

digestive

217
Q

define cirrhosis

A

chronic disease of liver where scar tissue replaces liver tissue

218
Q

in what body system does cholelithiasis occur in

A

digestive

219
Q

define cholelithiasis

A

the medical term for gallstones, which are solid deposits of hardened bile that form in the gallbladder

220
Q

define and say in what body system does pancreatitis occur in

A

and inflammation of the pancreas and occurs in digestive

221
Q

what are infectious diseases caused by

A

caused by tiny organisms called pathogens

222
Q

what is the immune system

A

responsible for distinguishing between the different kinds of pathogens and reacting to each according to its type

223
Q

define a cold

A

an illness caused by a viral infection located in the respiratory system

224
Q

what is an athletes foot

A

a common fungal infection of the skin of the feet

225
Q

what are AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome )

A

caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. the virus attacks the cells in the immune system making the organism unable to fight off other pathogens that may attack the body

226
Q

what does AIDS stand for

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

227
Q

what is strep throat

A

a contagious disease caused by bacterial infection

228
Q

what is a noninfectious diseases

A

diseases that are not caused by pathogens in the body

229
Q

define diabetes

A

disease that results in the glucose level of the blood being higher than the normal range

230
Q

what is the name of the disease of the nervous system that occurs when certain nerve cells in the brain stop functioning properly, affecting the muscular system

A

parkinsons disease

231
Q

define skin cancer

A

disease in which skin cells found in the outer layers of the skin becomes damaged

232
Q

what is arthritis

A

any of several disorders that cause inflammation of the joints

233
Q

what is the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions such as breathing, heartbeat and digestion

A

autonomic nervous system

234
Q

what is cancer

A

the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body’s tissue and organs

235
Q
A

skills usa basic health care skills (3 decks)

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