HUG Exam Review Flashcards
The total number of people divided by the total land area. This is what most people think of as density; how many people per area of land.
Arithmetic density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. This is important because it relates to how much land is being used by how many people.
Physiological density
The region which innovative ideas originate. Relates to the important concept of the spreading of ideas from one area to another (diffusion).
Hearth
The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another. Ex: spread of AIDS from NY, Cali, & FL
Relocation diffusion
The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process. This can happen in three ways.
Expansion diffusion
The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places (ex: hip hop and rap music)
Hierarchical diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population (ex: ideas placed on the internet)
Contagious diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic apparently fails to diffuse (ex: PC & Apple competition)
Stimulus diffusion
A 19th and early 20th century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.
Environmental determinism
The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.
Possibilism
The physical character of a place; what is found at the location and why it is significant.
Site
The location of a place relative to other places.
Situation
Physical location of geographic phenomena across space.
Spatial distribution
Representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization. In cartography, the ratio of map distance to ground distance, indicated on a map as a bar graph, representative fraction, and/or verbal statement.
Scale
An area within which everyone shares in common one or mare distinctive characteristics. The shared feature could be a cultural value such as common language, or an environmental climate.
Formal Region
Area organized around a node or focal point.
The characteristic chosen to define a functional region dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in important outward. This region is tied to the central point by transportation or communication systems or by economic or functional associations.
Functional Region
Place that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity.
Such regions emerge from people’s informal sense of place rather than from scientific models developed through geographic thought. (Often identified using a mental map- internal representation of a portion of Earth’s surface)
Vernacular region
Often referred to as a place’s toponym (the name given to a place on Earth)
Place name
The formula that calculates population change. Helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in.
Demographic equation
Stage 1: Low growth
Stage 2: High growth
Stage 3: Moderate growth
Stage 4: Low growth
Stage 5: Possible stage that includes zero or negative pop. group
Important because its the way that other countries around the world are transformed from less to more developed.
Demographic transition model (DTM)
The number of years needed to double a population.
Doubling time
The proportion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement. Tells how much land has been built upon and how much is left to build on.
Ecumene
The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births. Shown as infant deaths/ 1000 live births rather than a %.
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
The first one to argue that the world’s rate of pop. increase was far outrunning the development of food population.
Thomas Malthus
The frequency with which something occurs in space is density.
Population densities
The number of farmers per unit of area of farmland.
Agricultural density
Population displayed by age and gender on a bar graph.
Population pyramid
The percentage by which a population grows in a year.
Rate of natural increase
When the crude birth rate equals the crude death rate and the natural increase rate approaches zero.
Zero population growth
When one family member migrates to a new country and the rest of the family follows shortly after.
Chain migration
People removed from their countries and forced to live in other countries because of war, natural disaster and government.
Forced Migration
Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in an area and inversely related to the distance other people must travel to access it.
Gravity model
Factors that include people to leave old residences and move to new locations.
Push-pull factors
People forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
Refugee
Process of less dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture.
Assimilation
The geographic study of human environmental relationships.
Cultural ecology
The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct tradition.
Culture
Center of economic activity
Core
Outlying region of economic activity
Periphery
The faithfulness to codified beliefs and rituals that generally involves a faith in a spiritual nature. Important to HUG because man wars have been fought over it.
Religion
Belief that objects such as plants, stones, thunderstorms, earthquakes, etc. have spirit and life.
Animism
Third of the world’s major universalizing religions. has 365m adherents esp. in China and Southeast Asia.
Buddhism
Monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in the New Testament. Most popular religion in the world.
Christianity
Religion with a rather concentrated distribution whose principles are likely to be based on physical characteristics of the particular location where its adherents are located. Most religions start out as this.
Ethnic religion
Created in India, approximately one billion followers. Heaven is not the ultimate goal in life. Third largest in the world.
Hinduism
The submission to the will of god. Monotheistic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad, a key religious figure. Second largest religion in the world.
Islam
It is the religion of ancient Hebrews, said to be one of the first monotheistic faiths. Many other religions have been based off of it.
Judaism
Belief in one god
Monotheism
Belief in many gods
Polytheism
Conflict between religions. ex: Israel-Palestine
Religious Conflict
Belief that humans should be based on facts and not religious beliefs.
Secularism
Afrikaans for apartness, it was the segregation of blacks in South Africa for 1948 to 1994. Created to keep the white minority in power and allow them to have almost total control over black majority.
Apartheid
Political term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries.
Balkanization
Country lying between two more powerful countries that are hostile to each other.
ex: Mongolia, between Russia and China
Buffer state
Religious, political, economic, conflict, etc. that causes disunity in a state.
Centrifugal
An attitude that unifies people and enhances support for the state.
Centripetal
The attempt by a a country to establish settlements and impose political and economic control and principles. Big thing in the 17th through 20th century.
Colonialism
Movement of American and European colonies gaining independence.
Decolonization
War between ethnic groups.
Ethnic conflict
Supernational and intergovernmental union of 27 democratic member states of Europe.
European Union
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
Gerrymandering
Central region of a country or continent.
Heartland
Fringe of a country or continent.
Rimland
Through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them and use for their own use.
Agricultural Origins
The deliberate effect to modify a portion of the Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and raising of livestock.
Agriculture
The revolution of biotechnology and the use of it in societies. Genetically modified crops.
Biorevolution
Agriculture used to produce a sale off the farm.
Commercial Agriculture
Primary: lumbering, mining Secondary: manufacturing products Tertiary: transportation, communication, utilities Quaternary Quinary
Economic Activity
When humans first domesticated plants (about 8000 BC).
First agricultural revolution
When humans gain food by hunting for animals, gathering plants, etc.
Hunting and Gathering
Defined cultural landscape, area fashioned from nature by a cultural group.
Carl O. Sauer
Allowed a shift in the work force beyond subsistence farming to allow labor to work in factories.
Second agricultural revolution
“Green revolution” and was a rapid diffusion of new agricultural techniques between the 1970’s and 1980’s.
Third agricultural revolution
Made the model that showed different rings associated with crops.
Von Thunen
Describes pattern of distribution of MDC’s and LDC’s.
Core-periphery model
States that LDCs tend to have a higher dependency ratio, the ratio of the number of people under 15 or over 64 to the number in the labor force.
Dependency Theory
Aggregate index of development, takes economic, social, and demographic factors into account.
Human Development Index
Used to distinguish LDC’s from MDC’s.
Measures of development
Refers to the economic control that MDC’s are sometimes believed to have over LDC’s.
Neocolonialism
Developed the “stages of growth” model of economic development.
W.W. Rostow
Countries in developing world independent of their political status.
Third World
Refers to the perspective that seeks to explain the dynamics of the “capitalist world economy” as a “total social system”
World Systems Theory
Industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for the continuous flow of work pieces in mass production operations.
Assembly line production
Built up area consisting of a central city and its surrounding suburbs.
Agglomeration
A neighborhood, usually a slum or lower class.
Barridas
Explains price and demand for land increases closer to the CBD.
Bid-rent Theory
Central Business District
CBD
Created the central place theory.
Walter Christaller
City grows outward from a central area (CBD, transition zone, workers’ home zone, residences zone, commuter’s zone)
Concentric Zone Model
Net migration from urban to rural areas
Counterurbanization
Process when low cost neighborhoods are renovated by the middle class to increase property values.
Gentrification
Poor section of a city
Ghetto
Development of worldwide patterns of economic relationships
Globalization
