HTN

Question 2

What is the equation for BP relating to Ohm’s Law?

Answer 2

V = IR

BP = (SV * HR) * SVR

BP = CO * SVR

Question 3

What are the 2 types of systemic HTN?

Answer 3

Essential HTN– unknown cause

Secondary HTN– definable cause

Question 4

What is the BP range for pre-hypertension?

Answer 4

120-140 / 80-90

Question 5

What is the BP for hypertension?

Answer 5

>= 140/90

Question 6

What is the BP for Stage 1 hypertension?

Answer 6

140-160 / 90-100

Question 7

What is moderate hypertension?

Answer 7

160 - 180 / 100 - 110

Question 8

What is severe hypertension?

Answer 8

> 180 / 110

Question 9

What are the possible genetic issues causing HTN? (3)

Answer 9

Renal handling of Na

Abnormal Na transport across membranes

Abnormal ANS response to stress

Question 10

What is the epidemiology of HTN? (4)

Answer 10

Age

Environment

Socioeconomic

Race

Question 11

What percent of pts have essential HTN?

Answer 11

95%

Question 12

What factors can cause HTN?

Answer 12

Increased CO due to abnormal neuronal activity

Blood vessel endothelial abnormalities

Dysfunctional nitric oxide receptors

Kidney is responsible for long term issues

Abnormal hormonal imbalances

Desensitized baroreceptors

Excessive leptin in obesity

Question 13

What are endogenous causes of secondary HTN? (6)

Answer 13

Chronic renal disease

Coarctation of aorta

Pheochromocytoma

Primary aldosteronism

Cushing’s disease

Question 14

What medications can induce secondary HTN?

Answer 14

Glucocorticoids
Cyclosporine A (anti-rejection med)
Oral contraceptives
Sympathomimetics (OTC drugs)
Cocaine
Alcohol (chronic)

Question 15

What happens if HTN is untreated?

Answer 15

50% die of CAD

33% die of stroke

10-15% die of renal failure

Question 16

Major cardiac effects of HTN include: (2)

Answer 16

increased afterload

accelerated atherosclerosis

Question 17

What physiological effects occur with increased afterload?(5)

Answer 17

Increased LV wall tension
LV hypertrophy
Diastolic dysfunction
Increased LV filling pressure
Pulmonary congestion

Question 18

What are the 2 types of strokes?

Answer 18

Hemorrhagic

Atherothrombotic

Question 19

Treatment of HTN can decrease the risk death by stroke by ____%.

Answer 19

50%

Question 20

What is a HTN crisis?

Answer 20

Severe elevation in BP which usually results from acute hemodynamic changes superimposed on a chronic one.

Question 21

What adverse effects does HTN crisis cause?

Answer 21

HTN encephalopathy–dizziness, headaches

Papilledema

Angina

Note: Immediate treatment is REQUIRED for a HTN crisis.

Question 22

What is the treatment for HTN?

Answer 22

Diuretics are first line

Sympatholytics

Vasodilators

Renin-Angiotensin Antagonists