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AP II > Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease > Flashcards

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define bronchitis

A

Inflammation of large airways

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2
Q

What is the difference between asthma and bronchitis?

A

Asthma affects the small airways while bronchitis inflames the large airways

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3
Q

What are some causes of bronchitis?

A

Air pollution, Allergies, Occupational hazards

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4
Q

What are some symptoms of bronchitis?

A 
Cough
Mucus production
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Cyanosis in severe cases
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5
Q

What are some treatment options for bronchitis?

A

Short-term steroid therapy
Bronchodilators
Hydration
Antibiotics

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6
Q

Emphysema is associated with inhalation or exhalation?

A

Emphysema is the impaired ability to exhale

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of emphysema?

A

Smoking

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8
Q

Emphysema effects what part of the airways?

A

Terminal

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9
Q

What are some of the treatment options for emphysema?

A 
Short-acting bronchodilators
Long-acting anti-cholinergic bronchodilators
Inhaled corticosteroids
Oral steroids
Antibiotics
Oxygen in endstage
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10
Q

What type of lung infection is associated with swelling and mucus buildup in the bronchioles due to a viral infection and is commonly seen in children under two years of age?

A

Bronchiolitis

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11
Q

What are some of the symptoms of bronchiolitis?

A

Shortness of breath
Cough
Wheezing

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12
Q

What are some treatment options for bronchiolitis?

A 
Antibiotics
Hydration
Chest physical therapy
Steroid therapy
Bronchodilators
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13
Q

Bronchiolitis infects primarily the larger or smaller airways?

A

Larger

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14
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Loss of airway wall integrity

–Destruction and widening of large airways

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15
Q

What is a common cause of bronchiectasis

A

Cystic fibrosis causes about half of the cases

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16
Q

What are some symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A 
Shortness of breath
Cyanosis
Halitosis (bad breath)
Chronic cough with sputum
Finger clubbing
17
Q

What are some of the treatment options for bronchiectasis?

A

Hydration
Antibiotics
Antiviral drugs
Humidified oxygen and IV fluids

18
Q

Which disease has the nickname “pink puffer?”

A

Pulmonary emphysema

Think about taking a puff from a cigarette

19
Q

Which pulmonary disease has the nickname “blue bloater?”

A

Chronic bronchitis

20
Q

Which divisions of the airway are conducting and which are responsible for gas exchange?

A

1-16: conducting

17-23: gas exchange

21
Q

What type of cell produces surfactant?

A

Type II alveolar cell

22
Q

What are the six risk factors that predispose patients to post operative pulmonary dysfunction?

A
  1. Pre-existing pulmonary disease***
  2. Thoracic or upper abdominal surgery
  3. Smoking (major factor for developing COPD)
  4. Obesity
  5. Age > 60
  6. Prolonged general anesthesia
23
Q

How will a pulmonary function test differ in a normal patient versus one with chronic constructive pulmonary disease?

A

COPD patient will have:

decreased ERV
Increased FRC and RV
Increased TLC

24
Q

Bronchospasm effects inspiration or expiration?

A

Inspiration

Remember the “shark fin” capnogram

25
Q

FEV/FVC <____% = COPD

A

70

26
Q

When there is an increased difficulty on expiration because of the airflow resistance what happens in COPD patients?

A

Increased air trapping

–RV and TLC increase

27
Q

How long before surgery should the patient discontinue smoking?

A

They shouldn’t have started

But since they did 6-8 weeks

28
Q

What effect does cigarette smoking have on mucus production and clearance?

A

Increases mucus production and decreases clearance

29
Q

What are some important factors to assess preoperatively?

A

SpO2 on room air
Listen to breath sounds
History
Medications

30
Q

What is an important factor to be mindful of before extubating a patient with COPD?

A

Full reversal from NMBs

31
Q

What type of ventilation will optimize lung function in COPD patients?

A

Controlled mechanical ventilation

-May not tolerate spontaneous ventilation without assistance

32
Q

What type of respiratory rate is most efficient for COPD patients?

A

Slow respiratory rate provide sufficient time for complete exhalation

33
Q

Make sure you look at pictures of the flow volume loops

A

Obstructive lung diseases will be more to the left and restrictive’s will be to the right

34
Q

What type of extubation may be beneficial for a patient with a reactive airway?

A

Deep

35
Q

Patients with emphysema would best tolerate what type of extubation?

A

Awake

36
Q

Why is it important to keep COPD patients close to their normal limits with ventilation?

A

Parameters outside their norm may decrease ventilatory drive

AP II (32 decks)

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