how, when and where Flashcards
y are dates important
History revolves around understanding the changes that unfold over time, examining how societies evolve and adapt. Dates are traditionally synonymous with history, often marking significant events and transitions. However, not all historical processes can be pinpointed to specific years or months; some developments occur gradually over extended periods. For instance, the establishment of British rule in India or the onset of the national movement unfolded over decades, not on a single definitive date. Similarly, transformations in economy and society occur over stretches of time, making it challenging to assign precise dates to these shifts. Historically, narratives focused on rulers and their actions, detailing events like coronations, marriages, wars, and successions, which can be dated precisely. Despite the importance of such dates in historical debates, understanding history today involves recognizing broader periods of change rather than relying solely on specific calendar dates.
which dates
The dates we select, the dates around which
we compose our story of the past, are not important
on their own. They become vital because we focus on
a particular set of events as important. If our focus of
study changes, if we begin to look at new issues, a new
set of dates will appear significant
how do we periodise
The division of history into different periods serves the purpose of capturing the distinct characteristics and central features of each era as perceived by historians. James Mill, in his influential work “A History of British India” published in 1817, categorized Indian history into Hindu, Muslim, and British periods, reflecting his view that Asian societies, including India, were less civilized than Europe before British colonization. Mill believed that British rule could civilize India by introducing European customs, arts, institutions, and laws, which he saw as superior. This classification aimed to justify British colonialism as a civilizing mission.
In contrast, modern historians often divide Indian history into ‘ancient’, ‘medieval’, and ‘modern’ periods, although this framework has its challenges. Borrowed from Western historiography, this periodization associates ‘modern’ with the growth of scientific, rational, democratic, and egalitarian values, contrasting it with the ‘medieval’ period characterized by a perceived absence of these traits. However, this division oversimplifies India’s rich and diverse history and can overlook the complexities and continuities across different eras. Furthermore, it’s important to note that under British rule, despite purported intentions to civilize India, equality, freedom, and liberty were not universally extended to all people, and colonial policies often reinforced inequalities and hierarchical structures. Thus, the way we periodize history reflects not only our understanding of the past but also our interpretations and biases about societal progress and development.
what is colonial
the changes British rule
brought about in values and tastes, customs and practices.
When the subjugation of one country by another leads to these
kinds of political, economic, social and cultural changes, we
refer to the process as colonisation.
administration produces records
One important historical source is the official records of the British administration during their rule in India. The British placed great importance on documentation, believing that written records facilitated careful study and informed debate. They established record rooms in administrative institutions and specialized institutions like archives and museums to preserve these records. In the early 19th century, skilled calligraphists meticulously copied these documents by hand. Later, with the advent of printing in the mid-19th century, multiple copies of these records were printed as proceedings of government departments. This meticulous documentation provides valuable insights into British policies, decisions, agreements, and investigations during their governance in India, offering a primary source for understanding colonial administration and its impact on Indian society.
what official records do not tell
Official records from colonial administrations provide insight into the perspectives and interests of officials, detailing what they deemed important and wished to preserve for future reference. However, these records often do not reflect the sentiments and motivations of the broader population or indigenous communities. To gain a more nuanced understanding of Indian society during this period, historians turn to a variety of alternative sources, albeit more challenging to access than official records. These include personal diaries, accounts of pilgrims and travelers, autobiographies of notable figures, and popular pamphlets distributed in local markets. With the advent of printing, newspapers became a significant source, offering platforms for public debates and discussions on various issues. Leaders and reformers used written communication to propagate their ideas, while poets and novelists expressed societal sentiments and emotions through their literary works. These diverse sources provide valuable perspectives on the thoughts, feelings, and actions of people beyond the colonial administration’s official viewpoints, enriching our understanding of Indian history during this period.
surveys become important
The British administration in India emphasized comprehensive knowledge of the country as a prerequisite for effective governance. They conducted extensive surveys and operations to gather detailed information about various aspects of Indian regions. This included understanding topography, soil quality, flora, fauna, local histories, and cropping patterns, all deemed essential for efficient administration. Census operations were conducted every decade to record population statistics across provinces, including details on castes, religions, and occupations. Additionally, numerous specialized surveys were carried out, such as botanical surveys, zoological surveys, archaeological surveys, anthropological surveys, and forest surveys. These efforts aimed to systematically document and understand India’s diverse landscapes, cultures, and resources, forming the basis for British policies and governance strategies during their rule.
