How the CVS fails

Question 1

What is the definition of stroke

Answer 1

the rapid loss of brain function due to loss of perfusion to part(s) of the brain

Question 2

What are the two types of stroke and what are their causes.

Answer 2

Haemorrhagic: cerebral blood vessel rupture
Ischaemic: Cerebral blood vessel blockage

Question 3

What causes Blood vessels to burst

Answer 3

Stresses: high BP, turbulent flow, low compliance
damage: trauma, atherosclerosis and diabetes.

Question 4

What is compliance

Answer 4

The change in volume caused by a change in pressure.

Question 5

Outline some endothelium activities

Answer 5

BV tone: vasodilatation
fluid filtration: blood-brain barrier, kidney (glomerulus), GI secretions
Haemostasis: fibrinolysis
Angiogenesis: the creation of capillaries

Question 6

What is an acute MI

Answer 6

A region of heart tissue that is dead or dying, usually caused by a blocked coronary artery, reduced the capacity of the heart to pump.
can be fatal.

Question 7

What is atherosclerosis

Answer 7

A disease process that results in the furring of arteries, results from hyperlipidemia and immune actions.

Question 8

What is CAD

Answer 8

A disease process resulting in obstruction of the arteries supplying heart tissue,

symptoms include angina and may be asymptomatic
the primary cause is atherosclerosis

Question 9

Outline sympathetic activity during and MI

Answer 9

The sympathetic NS releases adrenaline and noradrenaline during an acute MI as a response to pain to help compensate during HF, it can lead to increased HR and contractility.

Question 10

Outline pulmonary oedema

Answer 10

fluid accumulation in the lungs which impairs gas exchange, caused by LHF, symptoms include dyspnoea/ orthopnoea and can lead to hypoxia.

Question 11

Outline peripheral oedema and ascites

Answer 11

peripheral oedema and ascites are caused by RHF.

PO is the swelling of tissue esp the ankles due to fluid build-up in the body that moves to the ankles due to gravity.

ascites is the build-up of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Question 12

What is compensation

Answer 12

Maintaining homeostasis of physiological function despite stressors or malfunctions. In HF to maintain adequate CO, plasma volume and sympathetic activity increase.

Question 13

What is decompensated HF

Answer 13

A medical emergency, failure of the heart to maintain adequate blood circulation, after a long-standing vascular disease, respiratory stress.

Question 14

What is cardiac remodelling and what is the treatment?

Answer 14

The growth of cardiac muscle as a response to injury such as MI, hypertension. The result is hypertrophy or dilation, initially, it is compensatory but becomes pathological.

treatment: ACE inhibitors or spironolactone.

Question 15

What are the two types of ventricular hypertrophy?

Answer 15

Eccentric: dilate due to volume overload.
concentric: thickens due to pressure overload.

Question 16

Describe the actions of ADH on BP

Answer 16

causes kidneys to absorb more water which increases blood volume and as a result increases bp.

Question 17

Describe the actions of Aldosterone on BP

Answer 17

causes kidneys to reabsorb more NaCl and thus more water which results in greater blood volume and greater BP.

Question 18

Outline the RAAS

Answer 18

angiotensinogen produced by the liver is transformed into angiotensin 1 by renin which is secreted by the kidney.

angiotensin 1 is converted into angiotensin 2 by ACE and angiotensin 2 causes aldosterone secretion which increases BP.

Question 19

Outline the impacts of Ang 2

Answer 19

It causes vasoconstriction and increased fluid retention all which contributes to ventricular hypertrophy and remodelling.

Question 20

Name 3 classes of diuretic, give examples of each and where they affect the nephron.

Answer 20

Thiazide & thiazide-like, indapamide and blocks reabsorption at the DCT.

Loop, furosemide and blocks reabsorption in the ascending loop.

K+ sparing e.g. spironolactone and blocks reabsorption at the collecting duct.

Question 21

What is the definition of HF

Answer 21

when the cardiac output is insufficient for meeting the needs of the body.

Question 22

What is cardiogenic shock and what is the treatment

Answer 22

critically low perfusion due to low CO

treatment: aggressive iv fluid and oxygen with airways maintained.

Question 23

What are some treatments for chronic heart failure

Answer 23

ACE inhibitors, diuretics and beta-blockers.