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Review (BIOLOGY) > How the brain works > Flashcards

How the brain works Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The brain receives information through our five senses: _, _, _ - often many at one time.

A

sight, touch, taste, and hearing

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2
Q

The brain controls our _, _, and _. Movement of arms and legs, and the function of many organs within our body.

A

thoughts, memory, and speech.

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3
Q

The _ is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

A

central nervous system

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4
Q

The _ is composed of spinal nerves that branches from the spinal cord and cranial nerves that branch from the brain.

A

peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

The brain has three main parts: _, _, and _.

A

the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem

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6
Q

Is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision, and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement. What is this?

A

the cerebrum

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7
Q

Is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture and balance. What is this?

A

the cerebellum

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8
Q

Acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and the cerebellum to the spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing. What is this?

A

the brainstem

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9
Q

The cerebrum is divided into two halves: _ and _

A

right and left hemispheres

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10
Q

Each _ controls the opposite side of the body.

A

hemisphere

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11
Q

The _ controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing.

A

the left hemisphere

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12
Q

The _ controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills.

A

the right hemisphere

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13
Q

The _ is dominant in hand use and language in about 92% of people.

A

the left hemisphere

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14
Q

The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres. The two sides are connected by the nerve fibers called _

A

corpus callosum

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15
Q

Each hemisphere has 4 lobes: _, _, _, and _

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.

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16
Q

The _ controls personality, behavior, emotions, judgment, planning, problem-solving, speech (speaking and writing), body movement, intelligence, concentration, and self-awareness

A

the frontal lobe

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17
Q

The _ interprets language, controls words, sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip), interprets signals from vision, hearing motor, sensory, and memory.

A

the parietal lobe

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18
Q

The _ interprets vision (color, light, movement)

A

the occipital lobe

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19
Q

The _ controls understanding language (Wernicke’s area), memory, hearing, sequencing, and organization

A

the temporal lobe

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20
Q

In general, _ of the brain is responsible for language and speech and is called the “dominant” hemisphere.

A

the left hemisphere

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21
Q

The _ plays a large part in interpreting visual information and spatial processing

A

the right hemisphere

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22
Q

Is a disturbance of language affecting speech production, comprehension, read or writing, due to brain injury - most commonly from a stroke or trauma. What is this?

A

Aphasia

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23
Q

Lies in the left frontal lobe. If this area is damaged, one may have difficulty moving the tongue or facial muscles to produce the sound of speech. What is this?

A

The Broca’s area

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24
Q

Lies in the left temporal lobe. What is this?

A

Wernicke’s area

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25
Q

The surface of the cerebrum is called _. It has a folded appearance with hills and valleys.

A

The cortex

26
Q

The cortex contains _ that are arranged in specific layers

A

76 billion neurons

27
Q

The nerve cell bodies color the cortex _ giving it its name - gray matter

A

grey-brown

28
Q

Beneath the cortex are long _ that connect brain areas to each other - called the white matter

A

nerve fibers (axons)

29
Q

A fold is called a _ and the valley between is a _

A

a gyrus and the valley between is a sulcus

30
Q

Pathways called _ connect areas of the cortex to each other

A

white matter tracts

31
Q

Is located in the floor of the third ventricle and is the master control of the autonomic system. It plays a role in controlling behaviors such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual response. (It also regulates body temperature, blood pressure, emotions, and secretion of hormones). What is this?

A

the Hypothalamus

32
Q

Lies in a small pocket of bone at the skull base called the sella turcica. What is this?

A

the Pituitary gland

33
Q

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus of the brain by the _ known as the master gland, It controls other endocrine glands in the body. It secretes hormones that control sexual development, promote bone and muscle growth, and respond to stress.

A

the Pituitary stalk

34
Q

Is located behind the third ventricle. It helps regulate the body’s internal clock and circadian rhythms by secreting melatonin. It has some role in sexual development. What is this?

A

the Pineal gland

35
Q

Serves as a relay station for almost all information that comes and goes to the cortex. It plays a role in pain sensation, attention, alertness, and memory. What is this?

A

the Thalamus

36
Q

Includes the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus. These nuclei work with the cerebellum to coordinate fine motions, such as fingertip movements. What is this?

A

the Basal ganglia

37
Q

Is the center of our emotions, learning, and memory. Included in this system are the cingulate gyri, hypothalamus, amygdala (emotional reactions), and hippocampus (memory). What is this?

A

the Limbic system

38
Q

A complex process that includes three phases: encoding (deciding what information is important), storing, and recalling. What is this?

A

Memory

39
Q

Your brain has to pay attention and rehearse in order for an event to move from short-term to long-term memory - called _

A

called encoding

40
Q

The _ holds recent events briefly in short-memory

A

the Prefrontal cortex

41
Q

The _ is responsible for encoding long-term memory

A

the Hippocampus

42
Q

Also called working memory, occurs in the prefrontal cortex. It stores information for about one minute and its capacity is limited to about 7 items. What is this?

A

short-term memory

43
Q

Is processed in the hippocampus of the temporal lobe and is activated when you want to memorize something for a longer time. This memory has unlimited content and duration capacity. What is this?

A

long-term memory

44
Q

Is processed in the cerebellum, which relays information to the basal ganglia. It stores automatically learned memories like tying a shoe, playing an instrument, or riding a bike. What is this?

A

skill memory

45
Q

The brain has hollow fluid-filled cavities called _

A

the Ventricles

46
Q

Inside the ventricles is a ribbon-like structure called _

A

the Choroid plexus

47
Q

The choroid plexus makes a clear colorless fluid called _

A

the Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

48
Q

This liquid flows within and around the brain and spinal cord to help cushion it from injury

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

49
Q

There are two ventricles deep within the cerebral hemispheres called _. They both connect with the third ventricle through a separate opening called the foramen of Monro

A

the Lateral ventricles

50
Q

The third ventricle connects with the fourth ventricle through a long narrow tube called _

A

the aqueduct of Sylvius

51
Q

From the fourth ventricle, CSF flows into _ where it bathes and cushions the brain

A

the Subarachnoid space

52
Q

CSF is recycled (or absorbed) by special structures in the superior sagittal sinus called _

A

arachnoid villi

53
Q

The skull is formed from _ that fuse together along suture lines

A

8 bones

54
Q

The skull is formed with _, _, _, _, _ and _

A

the frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid, occipital and ethmoid

55
Q

The face is formed from _

A

14 paired bones

56
Q

The face is formed from _, _, _, _, _, _, _, and _

A

maxilla, zygoma, nasal, palatine, lacrimal inferior nasal conchae, mandible, and vomer

57
Q

Inside the skull, there are three distinct areas: _, _, and _

A

the anterior fossa, middle fosa, and posterior fossa

58
Q

_ originate from the brainstem, exit the skull through holes called foramina, and travel to the parts of the body they innervate

A

cranial nerves

59
Q

The brainstem exits the skull through _

A

the Foramen magnum

60
Q

The brain communicates with the body through _ and _

A

the spinal cord and twelve pairs of cranial nerves

Review (BIOLOGY) (8 decks)

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