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Additional Chemistry > How Much? & Rates and Energy > Flashcards

How Much? & Rates and Energy Flashcards

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0
Q

Protons and neutrons have the same…

A

Mass

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1
Q

Mass of atoms, relative masses of proton and neutrons

A

1

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2
Q

Mass number

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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3
Q

Why do we count only protons and neutrons to calculate the mass number of an atom?

A

As the mass of an electron is very small so the mass of an atom is made of it’s protons and neutrons

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4
Q

Atoms of the same element all have the same

A

Atomic number

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5
Q

Would should always be the same amount in an atom

A

Protons and electrons

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6
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

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7
Q

Mass number?

A

Top number on symbol

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8
Q

Atomic number

A

Bottom number

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9
Q

Neutrons how can you find the amount

A

Mass number - atomic number = neutrons in atom

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10
Q

How many protons, electrons, neutrons in an atom of 19 (top) F 9 (bottom)

A

Protons and electrons = 9 neutrons = 10

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11
Q

Relative atomic masses ( A r)

A

What we use to weigh atoms as too small

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12
Q

Relative atomic mass of an element is an ..

A

Average value

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13
Q

Real stove formula mass (M r) is found by

A

Adding up relative atomic masses of the atoms in it’s formula

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14
Q

Calculate the M r of calcium chloride CaCl2

A

A r of Ca = 40 A r of CI = 35.5

So M r = 40 + (35.5 multiplied by 2) = 111

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15
Q

What is the mass of one mole of sodium hydroxide NaOH

A

A r of Na = 23 A r of O = 16 A r of H = 1 so 1 mole NaOH = (23+16+1)g = 40g

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16
Q

Percentages how do you work them out

A

Relative atomic masses multiplied by relative formula mass answer multiplied by 100 = percentage

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17
Q

What is the percentage of carbon in carbon dioxide? CO2 carbon =12 O = 16

A

C= 12 O=16
M r of CO2 = 12 + (2 multiplied by 16) = 44
Percentage of carbon = (12/44) multiplied by 100= 27.3%

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18
Q

Empirical formula

A

Simplest ratio of atoms or ions in a compound

19
Q

Yield of a chemical process

A

How much you actually make

20
Q

Percentage yield

A

Compares amount made with maximum amount that could be made

21
Q

Calculating percentage yield

A

Percentage yield = (amount of product collected divided by maximum amount of product possible) multiplied by 100

22
Q

Maximum amount of product possible calculated by

A

Balanced equation for the reaction

23
Q

Why is it not usually possible to get 100% yield from a chemical reaction?

A

Because some product may be lost collected from apparatus

24
Q

Why should chemical manufacture use reactions with high yields

A

Reduce waste reduce pollution and makes production more sustainable

25
Q

Reversible reaction

A

Products of the reaction can react to make the original reactants

26
Q

Example of reversible reaction

A

Ammonium chloride ammonia + hydrogen chloride

27
Q

Chemical analysis is used to ..

A

Identify food additives

28
Q

What method can be used to analyse the colours in food

A

Chromatography

29
Q

What is the main purpose of the gas chromatography column in GC-MS analysis?

A

To separate a mixture

30
Q

How is relative molecular mass shown in a mass spectrum

A

Furthest to the right

31
Q

Rates and energy, rate of a reaction measures

A

How fast it is

32
Q

Methods used to measure rate of reaction

A

Rate of reaction= amount of reactant used divided by time

33
Q

Rate of reaction on a graph can be found

A

By the gradient

34
Q

Particles must do what to react

A

Particles Must collide with a certain amount of energy before they can react

35
Q

Activation energy

A

Minimum energy needed to react

36
Q

Factors that increase the chance of collisions

A

Temp, concentration of solutions, pressure of gases, surface area of solids, use of catalysts will all increase the rate of reaction

37
Q

Why can catalysts be used over and over again

A

As not used up

38
Q

Why do different reactions need different catalysts

A

Catalysts often work with only one type of reaction

39
Q

Exothermic reactions

A

Reactions that transfer energy to the surroundings

40
Q

Exothermic reaction examples

A

Combustion buring of fuels, oxidation respiration

41
Q

Endothermic reactions

A

ReCtions that take in energy from surroundings

42
Q

What are the two ways that show that a reaction is endothermic

A

Decrease in temp and some need supply of energy

43
Q

Ectothermic changes can be used in

A

Hand earners based on recrystallisation

44
Q

Endothermic changes can be used in

A

Instant cold packs

Additional Chemistry (4 decks)

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