how living things sustain life Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotic

A

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Eukaryotic

A

An organism composed of one or more cells containing a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialised organelles

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3
Q

SAV

A

Surface area of a shape divided by the volume of a shape. This ratio looks at the relationship between the needs of the cell and the capabilities of the cell

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4
Q

Hypertonic

A

A solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell

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5
Q

Isotonic

A

A solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

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6
Q

Hypotonic

A

A solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell

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7
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Provides protection to a cell, as well as transporting nutrients to a cell & transporting toxic substances out

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8
Q

Cell Wall

A

A rigid layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of plant, fungal and bacterial cells. It is made of cellulose in plants

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9
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs. Contains the pigment chlorophyll

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Provides shape to a cell, enabling organelles to stay in their position

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11
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structure that helps maintain shape, providing support that enables cells to carry out essential functions

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12
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Processes and packages proteins produced by the RER into vesicles to be transported elsewhere

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13
Q

Lysosomes

A

Breaks down excess or worn out cell parts

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14
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelle in which Cellular Respiration occurs. The site where the energy in glucose is converted to ATP. This organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

An organelle inside eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material (DNA)

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelles which build proteins. This organelles role is link amino acids together, in a specific order, to form a polypeptide aka a protein

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17
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

An organelle, embedded with ribosomes, which synthesis proteins and transports them around the cell. Often found next to the nucleus

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18
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membrane & steroids

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19
Q

Vacuole

A

A storage area. An organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates within a cell

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20
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Separates the internal environment of a cell from the external environment. Also known as the cell membrane or phospholipid bilayer

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21
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

A double layer of fat consisting of the hydrophilic head and the hydrophobic tail. Phospholipid bilayers create a selectively permeable barrier to the movement of ions and molecules important for cellular function

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22
Q

Hydrophilic Head

A

The hydrophilic heads of phospholipids in a membrane bilayer face outward, contacting the aqueous (watery) fluid both inside and outside the cell

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23
Q

Hydrophobic Tail

A

The hydrophobic tails prevent polar molecules or ions from passing through the membranes, being used as barriers against water soluble substances

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24
Q

Proteins

A

Large biomolecules (macromolecules) made up of long chains of amino acids

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25
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Organic molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, usually in a ratio of C:H:O =1:2:1

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26
Q

Cholesterol

A

Lipid steroids embedded between fatty acid tails of lipid bilayer, regulates fluidity in plasma membrane

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27
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Protein bound to a carbohydrates

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28
Q

Intracellular

A

Refers to within the cell

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29
Q

Extracellular

A

Refers to outside of the cell

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30
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Special class of proteins that function by binding a specific ligand molecule

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31
Q

Transport Proteins

A

A protein embedded in the plasma membrane that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the plasma membrane

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32
Q

Passive Transport

A

Movement of substances across a cell membrane down a concentration gradient. Does not require energy. Includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

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33
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of a substance across a membrane AGAINST the concentration gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins

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34
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. A form of passive transport

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35
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration (high water concentration) to high solute concentration (low water concentration) until the concentration of solutes (and water) is equal on both sides of the membrane

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36
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

A type of passive transport in which substances are transported across the plasma membrane through a channel protein (or carrier protein) down a concentration gradient, does not require the use of energy

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37
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Explains molecules making up membrane are not static and don’t move & many molecules are embedded in plasma membrane. Fluid = phospholipids moving laterally/side-side ; mosaic = proteins & carbohydrates embedded in membrane

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38
Q

Integral Protein

A

Protein permanently secured to plasma membrane

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39
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Proteins temporarily secured to plasma membrane. Attach to integral proteins or penetrate the peripheral regions of the phospholipid bilayer

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40
Q

Endocytosis

A

A form of active transport where a cell imports contents into the cell

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41
Q

Exocytosis

A

A form of active transport where a cell exports contents out of the cell

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42
Q

Autotroph

A

Organisms that are capable of producing their own food/energy from inorganic substances using energy in sunlight or chemical energy

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43
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism which must consume other organisms (dead or alive) to obtain energy

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44
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Use light as their energy source, to produce their own food/energy

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45
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source

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46
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Use inorganic compounds as their source of energy, to produce their own food/energy

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47
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

An organism which derives its energy from chemicals, and needs to consume other organisms in order to live

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48
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate is an energy carrying molecule found in cells of all living things.

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49
Q

Photosynthesis

A

A process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy. Process occurs in the chloroplast. A pigment called chlorophyll, found in chloroplasts, captures the light energy.
Word equation: Carbon dioxide + water = glucose and oxygen (in the presence of light)
Chemical equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

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50
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Light trapping pigments

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51
Q

Grana

A

Folded membrane layers that provide a large surface area where chlorophylls are located

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52
Q

Inner Membrane

A

Border to stroma, regulating passage of materials in and out of the chloroplast. Fatty acids, lipids & carotenoids are synthesized

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53
Q

Inner Membrane Space

A

Transport/signalling hub to enzymes. Region between inner and outer membrane of mitochondria & chloroplast. Oxidative phosphorylation

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54
Q

Lumen

A

Hollow passageway through which blood flows, continuous aqueous phase enclosed by thylakoids

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55
Q

Outer Membrane

A

Permeable to small objects/organic molecules. Prevents cell lysis

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56
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid between the grana, containing enzymes for carbon fixation. Manages the chloroplast response to cellular stresses/signalling

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57
Q

Stroma Lamellae

A

Connects thylakoids of two different grana, keeping grana at a distance so doesn’t clutter, increasing photosynthesis efficiency

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58
Q

Thylakoid

A

Sheet like membrane bound structure that is sight of light dependant reactions of photosynthesis

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59
Q

Light Dependent Stage

A

Set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

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60
Q

Light Independent Stage

A

Reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to produce glucose

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61
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

A series of metabolic reactions and processes to convert glucose into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Word equation: glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
Chemical equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O

62
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Cellular respiration that involves the use of oxygen, occurs in the mitochondria, facilitated by various compounds, carbon dioxide and water are produced. Glycolysis & aerobic respiration can together produce 36 ATP molecules

63
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Respiration that occurs without the involvement of oxygen, occurs in cytosol, biochemical pathway following glycolysis to produce additional ATP. Produces 2 ATP molecules

64
Q

Glycolysis

A

Stage 1 of Cellular Respiration where glucose is converted into 2 pyruvates.
Input: Glucose
Output: Pyruvate

65
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A

Stage 2 of Aerobic Respiration also known as Citric Acid Cycle. Pyruvate molecules are broken down to produce carbon dioxide.
Input: Pyruvate
Output: Carbon dioxide

66
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Stage 3 of Aerobic Respiration. Electrons are transferred from donors to acceptors and protons are exchanged across the membrane creating a proton gradient which drives the synthesis of ATP.

67
Q

Plants

A

Contain specialised cells that make up tissues with specific functions to assist in their survival. Each of the tissues is specialised to perform important functions e.g. obtaining energy, producing organic compounds, distributing materials, removing wastes and exchanging gases.
Organs include - leaves, stems, roots, flower, seed

68
Q

Dicot Stem

A

Results in flower, containing:

Sclerenchyma, vascular bundle, ground tissue, xylem, phloem

69
Q

Root system/structure

A

Root hair - absorbs moisture and nutrients
Root tip - area where cell division occurs
Root cap - protects the tip of the root
Cross section of a root - root hair, epidermis, cortex, phloem, xylem
Supplies large SA due to thousands of root hairs allowing massive amounts of water to be absorbed

70
Q

Epidermis

A

Consists of the upper and lower epidermis; it aids in the regulation of gas exchange via stomata. One layer thick, but may have more layers to prevent transpiration.

71
Q

Shoot System

A

All plant parts above ground, which are responsible for the transportation of resources, absorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide, reproduction and carrying out photosynthesis

72
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

73
Q

Phloem

A

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

74
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

75
Q

Digestive System

A

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells

76
Q

Mouth

A

Food enters to begin digestive process

77
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Food is chewed, mixed, and churned

78
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Process of changing food on a molecular level through the action of enzymes or proteins that speed up chemical reactions in your body

79
Q

Pharynx

A

Beginning of throat both food and air travel through it

80
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of muscle that closes over larynx to direct food into esophagus

81
Q

Esophagus

A

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

82
Q

Peristalsis

A

Waves of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract

83
Q

Stomach

A

A muscular and elastic sac that serves mainly to store food, break it up mechanically, and begin chemical digestion of proteins and fat

84
Q

Small Intestine

A

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place

85
Q

Villi

A

Small projections that increase surface area

86
Q

Liver

A

Digestive Helper that helps with bile that is sent to the small intestine to break down lipids into fatty acids

87
Q

Gallbladder

A

A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion

88
Q

Pancreas

A

An organ in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels

89
Q

Appendix

A

Unnecessary filter; if gets blocked bacteria multiplies & may burst, causing infection

90
Q

Large Intestine

A

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body

91
Q

Rectum/anus

A

Where elimination occurs

92
Q

Biomimicry

A

The design and production of materials, structures, and systems that are modelled on biological entities and processes. Three main types - form, process, system

93
Q

Form Biomimicry

A

Involves the imitation of shape and structure. Some applications of form biomimicry have existed for centuries

94
Q

Process Biomimicry

A

Involves the imitation of behaviours or operations that organisms undertake

95
Q

Systems Biomimicry

A

Involves the imitation of several processes that work together on a larger scale. These techniques are relatively new and are used mainly to solve engineering problems, particularly those involving energy use

96
Q

Abiotic

A

Physical and chemical factors e.g. temperature, light intensity, pH, concentration of gas

97
Q

Biotic

A

Presence or absence of other living things e.g. competitors, collaborators, predators

98
Q

Homeostasis

A

Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

99
Q

Receptor

A

Detect the stimulus then send a signal to a control centre. These receptors are only triggered if the stimulus is sufficient to reach the threshold of the receptor

100
Q

CNS/Endocrine System

A

The message from a receptor is usually sent to a control centre (often the brain) where a decision is made as to the response required. The message is then sent to an effector via the nervous system or the endocrine system

101
Q

Effector

A

Organs are often muscle tissue or glands. Muscles are told to either contract or are inhibited so that a contraction is less likely to occur. Glands secrete substances such as enzymes or other hormones. Glands can be stimulated so that they increase the release of certain substances or inhibited so that they reduce or prevent release

102
Q

Response

A

Outcome of adjustments, can be positive or negative

103
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in environmental conditions becomes a stimulus to the response mechanism. That is, it stimulates (starts) a response. These stimuli (plural) are detected by receptors

104
Q

Negative Feedback

A

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation
- resists change, more frequent mechanisms, associated with restoring homeostasis

105
Q

Positive Feedback

A

A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change
- enhances change, less frequent mechanisms, can be associated with death

106
Q

Regulation in Organisms

A

Temperature, Osmoregulation, Blood Glucose

107
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range. Heat transfer depends on the temperature gradient between the internal and external environments of the organisms

108
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism

109
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The constriction of blood vessels, which reduces heat loss to the external environment

110
Q

Adaptation

A

An inherited characteristic that increases the likelihood of survival and reproduction of an organism or species

111
Q

Types of Adaptations

A

Structural, Physiological, and Behavioural

112
Q

Structural Adaptations

A

Anatomical or morphological (physical) features that help organisms survive in a specific environment

113
Q

Physiological Adaptations

A

Pertain to the functioning of an organism at the different levels of organisation

114
Q

Behavioural Adaptations

A

What an organism does to survive in the unique conditions of its environment

115
Q

Classification

A

The grouping of living organisms according to similar structures and functions

116
Q

Domain

A

First level of classification

117
Q

Kingdom

A

Second level of classification

118
Q

Phylum

A

Third level of classification

119
Q

Class

A

Fourth level of classification

120
Q

Order

A

Fifth level of classification

121
Q

Family

A

Sixth level of classification

122
Q

Genus

A

Seventh level of classification

123
Q

Species

A

Last level of classification

124
Q

Naming Conventions

A

First name is the genus, with the first letter capitalised. Second name is the species, no capitalisation. The whole thing is in italics

125
Q

Reasons for conserving biodiversity

A

Aesthetic value, ecological value and practical value

126
Q

Strategies for managing biodiversity

A

Conservation of species, establishing protected areas, prevention and control of invasive species, reducing pollution to protected species, combatting climate change, and regulation to counter over exploitation

127
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of all life forms and the ecosystems in which they exist

128
Q

Aesthetic value

A

The beauty of natural landscapes and animals

129
Q

Ecological value

A

Animals and plants produce food, oxygen and play other necessary roles in an ecosystem

130
Q

Practical value

A

Can be used for food, medicines, industrial materials etc.

131
Q

Types of kingdoms

A

Protista, plantar, fungi, Animalia, monera

132
Q

Protista

A

A kingdom of eukaryotic organisms, most of which are unicellular

133
Q

Plantae

A

Kingdom of plants

134
Q

Fungi

A

Kingdom composed of heterotrophs such as moule, mushrooms, yeasts etc

135
Q

Animalia

A

Kingdom of animals

136
Q

Monera

A

Kingdom that includes all prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and blue-green algae)

137
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species occupying the same geographical area

138
Q

Mutualism

A

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

139
Q

Commensalism

A

An interaction between two species in which one species benefits without harming the other

140
Q

Parasitism

A

A relationship in which one organism lives on or in a host and harms it, but usually doesn’t kill it

141
Q

Amensalism

A

An interaction between species when one species is harmed while the other is unaffected

142
Q

Predation

A

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food

143
Q

Food chain

A

A series of organisms linked according to their feeding relationships, with arrows showing the direction of the flow of energy

144
Q

Producer

A

An organism that makes its own food, and is always the first link in a food chain

145
Q

Consumer

A

An organism that eats other organisms

146
Q

Food web

A

A series of interacting food chains

147
Q

Keystone species

A

A species that plays a critical role in maintaining the structure of their ecosystem

148
Q

Types of Population Distribution

A

Uniform, random, clumped

149
Q

Uniform Dispersion

A

Species of a population are spaced more or less evenly

- penguin colony

150
Q

Random Dispersion

A

Species are distributed randomly, without a predictable pattern
- specific tree species in a forest

151
Q

Clumped Dispersion

A

Species in a population are clustered together, creating some patches with many species and some patches with no species
- schools of fish