how living things sustain life Flashcards
Prokaryotic
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic
An organism composed of one or more cells containing a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialised organelles
SAV
Surface area of a shape divided by the volume of a shape. This ratio looks at the relationship between the needs of the cell and the capabilities of the cell
Hypertonic
A solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell
Isotonic
A solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
Hypotonic
A solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell
Cell Membrane
Provides protection to a cell, as well as transporting nutrients to a cell & transporting toxic substances out
Cell Wall
A rigid layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of plant, fungal and bacterial cells. It is made of cellulose in plants
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs. Contains the pigment chlorophyll
Cytoplasm
Provides shape to a cell, enabling organelles to stay in their position
Cytoskeleton
Structure that helps maintain shape, providing support that enables cells to carry out essential functions
Golgi Apparatus
Processes and packages proteins produced by the RER into vesicles to be transported elsewhere
Lysosomes
Breaks down excess or worn out cell parts
Mitochondria
Organelle in which Cellular Respiration occurs. The site where the energy in glucose is converted to ATP. This organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell
Nucleus
An organelle inside eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material (DNA)
Ribosomes
Organelles which build proteins. This organelles role is link amino acids together, in a specific order, to form a polypeptide aka a protein
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
An organelle, embedded with ribosomes, which synthesis proteins and transports them around the cell. Often found next to the nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membrane & steroids
Vacuole
A storage area. An organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates within a cell
Plasma membrane
Separates the internal environment of a cell from the external environment. Also known as the cell membrane or phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipid bilayer
A double layer of fat consisting of the hydrophilic head and the hydrophobic tail. Phospholipid bilayers create a selectively permeable barrier to the movement of ions and molecules important for cellular function
Hydrophilic Head
The hydrophilic heads of phospholipids in a membrane bilayer face outward, contacting the aqueous (watery) fluid both inside and outside the cell
Hydrophobic Tail
The hydrophobic tails prevent polar molecules or ions from passing through the membranes, being used as barriers against water soluble substances
Proteins
Large biomolecules (macromolecules) made up of long chains of amino acids
Carbohydrate
Organic molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, usually in a ratio of C:H:O =1:2:1
Cholesterol
Lipid steroids embedded between fatty acid tails of lipid bilayer, regulates fluidity in plasma membrane
Glycoprotein
Protein bound to a carbohydrates
Intracellular
Refers to within the cell
Extracellular
Refers to outside of the cell
Receptor Proteins
Special class of proteins that function by binding a specific ligand molecule
Transport Proteins
A protein embedded in the plasma membrane that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the plasma membrane
Passive Transport
Movement of substances across a cell membrane down a concentration gradient. Does not require energy. Includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
Active Transport
The movement of a substance across a membrane AGAINST the concentration gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. A form of passive transport
Osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration (high water concentration) to high solute concentration (low water concentration) until the concentration of solutes (and water) is equal on both sides of the membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
A type of passive transport in which substances are transported across the plasma membrane through a channel protein (or carrier protein) down a concentration gradient, does not require the use of energy
Fluid Mosaic Model
Explains molecules making up membrane are not static and don’t move & many molecules are embedded in plasma membrane. Fluid = phospholipids moving laterally/side-side ; mosaic = proteins & carbohydrates embedded in membrane
Integral Protein
Protein permanently secured to plasma membrane
Peripheral Proteins
Proteins temporarily secured to plasma membrane. Attach to integral proteins or penetrate the peripheral regions of the phospholipid bilayer
Endocytosis
A form of active transport where a cell imports contents into the cell
Exocytosis
A form of active transport where a cell exports contents out of the cell
Autotroph
Organisms that are capable of producing their own food/energy from inorganic substances using energy in sunlight or chemical energy
Heterotroph
An organism which must consume other organisms (dead or alive) to obtain energy
Photoautotroph
Use light as their energy source, to produce their own food/energy
Photoheterotroph
Organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source
Chemoautotrophs
Use inorganic compounds as their source of energy, to produce their own food/energy
Chemoheterotroph
An organism which derives its energy from chemicals, and needs to consume other organisms in order to live
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate is an energy carrying molecule found in cells of all living things.
Photosynthesis
A process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy. Process occurs in the chloroplast. A pigment called chlorophyll, found in chloroplasts, captures the light energy.
Word equation: Carbon dioxide + water = glucose and oxygen (in the presence of light)
Chemical equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chlorophyll
Light trapping pigments
Grana
Folded membrane layers that provide a large surface area where chlorophylls are located
Inner Membrane
Border to stroma, regulating passage of materials in and out of the chloroplast. Fatty acids, lipids & carotenoids are synthesized
Inner Membrane Space
Transport/signalling hub to enzymes. Region between inner and outer membrane of mitochondria & chloroplast. Oxidative phosphorylation
Lumen
Hollow passageway through which blood flows, continuous aqueous phase enclosed by thylakoids
Outer Membrane
Permeable to small objects/organic molecules. Prevents cell lysis
Stroma
Fluid between the grana, containing enzymes for carbon fixation. Manages the chloroplast response to cellular stresses/signalling
Stroma Lamellae
Connects thylakoids of two different grana, keeping grana at a distance so doesn’t clutter, increasing photosynthesis efficiency
Thylakoid
Sheet like membrane bound structure that is sight of light dependant reactions of photosynthesis
Light Dependent Stage
Set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
Light Independent Stage
Reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to produce glucose