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Biology > BIO Unit 2 AOS 1 > Flashcards

BIO Unit 2 AOS 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Cycle

A

sequence of events that take place from one cell devision to another. Events repeat each time the cell divides, occuring in phases.

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2
Q

Interphases

A

the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life.

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3
Q

G1 Phase

A

the cell produces new proteins; grows and carries out its normal tasks for the body; this phase ends when the cells DNA begins to replicate.

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4
Q

S Phases

A

exact duplicates of DNA molecules are formed.

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5
Q

G2 Phase

A

preparation for cell devision.

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6
Q

M Phase

A

the division of a cell into two daughter cells with

identical genetic material (M stands for mitosis).

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7
Q

Chromosome

A

bundles of tightly coiled DNA located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our body. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in total), one pair are sex chromosomes so differ depending on whether you are male or female (XX for female or XY for male) and the other 22 are autosomes (non-sex chromosomes).

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8
Q

Karyotype

A

an individual’s collection of chromosomes, used to look for abdominal numbers or structures of chromosomes.

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9
Q

Down Syndrome

A

extra copy of chromosome 21, which is often referred to as Trisomy 21.

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10
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

45 chromosomes instead of 46, some girls have two X chromosomes, but one is missing a piece.

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11
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

results from low testosterone often caused when a male is born with extra copy of X, most XXY males do not show any obvious differences from typical male

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12
Q

Disruption to the cell cycle

A

controlled death is a vital process for; development, shaping organs and tissue and removing cells that are old.

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13
Q

Apoptosis

A

a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms

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14
Q

Chemical Mutagens

A

interrupt the structure sequence or replication of DNA

  • alkylating agents
  • azides
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15
Q

Physical Mutagens

A

DNA can be damaged and then efficiently repaired

- x rays

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16
Q

Biological Mutagens

A

cause mutations in DNA or impair cell cycle regulation

- viruses/bacteria

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17
Q

Stem Cells

A

A multicellular organism develops from a single cell (the zygote) into a collection of many different cell types, organized into tissues and organs.

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18
Q

Totipotent

A

stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type

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19
Q

Pluripotent

A

stem cells that can differentiate into multiple cell types

20
Q

Multipotent

A

stem cells that can differentiate into a limited number of specialised cell types belonging to a specific tissue or organ

21
Q

Germ Layer

A

cells of the embryo are split into three different groups known as germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

22
Q

Endoderm

A

contributes the epithelia and glands of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and the renal bladder (liver, pancreatic and stomach cells)

23
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle germ layer forms connective tissues and muscle throughout the body, with the exception of in the head region where some of these structures have a neural crest origin (muscle, blood and bone cells)

24
Q

Ectoderm

A

contributes to the human embryo (nervous system, epidermis of the skin, head regions and adrenal gland medullary cells)

25
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

occurs when an organism makes more of itself without exchanging genetic information with another organism through sex

26
Q

Asexual Methods of Reproduction

A

Binary fission, Vegetative propagation, Spore formation, Budding

27
Q

Binary Fission

A

one organism divides into two identical organisms

28
Q

Vegetative Propagation

A

a plant grows from fragments, such as stem or root cuttings, of its parents

29
Q

Spore Formation

A

spores form on the surface of the organism and are dispersed into the surroundings where they may develop into individual clones of the original

30
Q

Budding

A

a group of cells form a bud that break away from the original organism to form a clone

31
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Involves only one parent
  • Offspring are genetically identical to the parent
  • Large number of offspring are reproduced rapidly and efficiently
32
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Offspring are genetically identical

- Large number of offspring are reproduced rapidly

33
Q

Clone

A

a genetic identical organism or section of DNA

34
Q

Reproductive Cloning Technologies

A

researches remove the DNA-containing nucleus of the somatic cell with a needle and inject it into the empty egg or they use an electrical current to fuse the entire somatic cell with the empty egg and then is implanted into the womb of an adult female animal.

35
Q

Applications of Cloning Animals

A
  • ability to generate virtually all cell types
  • grow healthy tissue to replace the bad
  • build population of endangered species
36
Q

Drawbacks of Cloning Animals

A
  • striking similarities between stem and cancer cells
  • after 60 cycles of cell division stem cells can accumulate mutations
  • defects in vital organs; liver, brain and heart
37
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring

38
Q

Meiosis

A

occurs in specialised organs of sexually reproducing animals and plants, results in the production of haploid gametes

39
Q

Prophase 1

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Nucleolus disappears
  • Spindle forms
  • Homologous (a pair of chromosomes that have the same size, shape and genes at the same location) lie side by side
40
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down and the homologous chromosomes move together to the equator of the spindle, spindle fibres attach to centromere of each homologous pair

41
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Spindle fibres retract towards poles. Pulling maternal and paternal chromosomes of homologous pair towards opposite ends

42
Q

Telophase 1

A
  • Spindle breaks down, cell starts to separate

- Nuclear envelopes form around 2 new nuclei

43
Q

Cytokinesis 1

A
  • Division of the cell and the cytoplasmic contents

- Completes first stage of meiosis

44
Q

Prophase 2

A

New spindle forms at right angles to the first one

45
Q

Metaphase 2

A
  • Chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle

- Spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each chromosome

46
Q

Anaphase 2

A
  • Spindle fibres retract towards each pole

- Chromatids separate

47
Q

Telophase 2

A
  • Spindle apparatus disappears
  • Chromosomes decondense to their thread like form
  • Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli form

Biology (3 decks)

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