how is regeneration managed Flashcards
why is levelling up needed for unequal pay?
- £21/hr = london & £13/hr = grimsby
- 66% employment = skegness & 90% = harrogate
- poverty rates are much higher in london
why is levelling up needed for unequal skill?
- 55% in brighton have a degree
- 15% in doncaster have a degree
why is levelling up needed for unequal education?
- 50% of graduates move away from grimsby by 27 (brain drain)
- 1/5 children have degree in grimsby & 1/3 children in london
what is the levelling up theory?
high skilled people –>
high paying good job –>
make place more productive –>
make attractive to employers –>
high skilled people
what is the northern powerhouse
a proposal to boost economic growth by the 2010 and 2015 governments in Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, etc…
what was the idea behind the northern powerhouse?
to reduce the north south divide by redistributing investment and income generation out of the south-east.
- to stimulate a cycle of growth
what are community groups?
it varies depending upon local willingness and the groups’ aims.
- fundraising and helping more vulnerable people in the community
what are the 6 categories of community group?
1) arts, culture and heritage
2) sports, health and fitness
3) community support
4) leisure, parks and green spaces
5) hobbies, interests and clubs
6) libraries, community centres and faith groups.
what are the benefits of HS2?
- takes pressure off old lines
- cut journey time
- more commuter trains
how does HS2 aim to improve traditional commuter rail connections?
- takes pressure off old lines
- connections to more country
- 250m/hour
what was the primary purpose of HS2?
- move people quicker
- connection to french
what are the conflicting opinions on HS2 in York?
positives - key to ensuring economic future
negatives - destroying rural background and heritage
what are the conflicting opinions on HS2 in Leeds?
positives - strengthen leeds’ position as northern transport hub, major investment, job opportunities and connection to the country
negatives - will only work with significant government investment on infrastructure
what are the conflicting opinions on HS2 in manchester?
positives - breach economic divide
transport for greater manchester committee - 30,000 jobs
economic powerhouse
what are the conflicting opinions on HS2 in derby?
positives - unlocks business and investment opportunities
negatives - environmentally catastrophic and a waste of money
not going through the actual centre
what are the conflicting opinions on HS2 in sheffield?
positives - 6500 jobs & £2-5 bil to economy
negatives - farmers losing land and route goes through shops and house.
who disagrees with HS2?
environmental alliances -
national trust = concerns around impact on environment
woodland trust = goes through ancient woodland
stop HS2 = takes jobs away from towns
who agrees with HS2?
british industry = spreads jobs, skills and investment - 500000 new jobs
national chambers of commerce = improve economy
local chambers of commerce = great news for businesses investment
what does government led regeneration include?
deregulations of markets
planning laws
fracking
housing prices
what is deregulation of markets?
it is the removal of government control of government imposed regulations on the market
- first implemented by Thatcher.
what was deregulated by thatcher?
-removed the barriers preventing overseas institutions or banks from setting up offices in london
- any bank, financial advisor or individual could deal in shares
what are the benefits of deregulation?
- stimulate economic growth - banking, finance and business now accounts for 30% of GDP (up from 15%)
- encourages regeneration, as FDI
what are the concerns of deregulation?
- immigration (soft borders)
- can result in large companies having monopoly over the economy
- fewer checks over how money is handled
- can result in less government support for key services
what are planning laws?
help to decide how the land should be used and helps to create places in which people want to live, work and relax in.
what is the greenbelt?
an area of land that is protected from urban development and is used for agriculture, recreational activities and conservation
- protected by government
what is planning gain used for?
used to regulate the market and it allows development if it benefits the local development
what is a problem from slow decision making?
investors are unwilling to commit until a decision is made, house prices may fall and trap residents into not being able to move.
- results in a downward spiral
what is fracking?
the drilling of shale rock which holds natural gas, a mix of water, sand and chemicals is pumped into the rock to release this gas
why is fracking bad?
- can cause tectonic activity due to the lower stability of land
- uses a massive amount of water which takes alot of fuel to transport
- would not bring down the UK’s energy bills as it only covers 48% of needs
- produces toxic chemicals that are not well regulated
why is fracking happening?
the government believed that fracking will greatly help the UK’s energy
and Quadilla claims that the Shale gas reserves in Lancaster would provide 50 years of energy
how can building on the greenbelt be justified?
if we released 1% of the greenbelt, 1 years worth of new housing would be delivered (300,000 homes)
what was the localism act 2011?
abolished regional planning authorities
what did the localism act 2011 result in?
- underinvestment
- shortfall of private and rented accommodation
- planning restrictions hindering developers
- hotspots of inflated housing areas (london)
what were the key elements of the london 2012 regeneration?
- construction of new sports venues e.g. stadium
- olympics media centre employs 5,000 jobs
- landscape park with a range of tourist attractions
- olympic village provides 2,800 homes for locals
what are the positive social impacts of the london 2012 regeneration?
- 10,000 new homes - 40% affordable
- new academy 1,800 pupils
- new bus station improving connectivity
what are the negative social impacts of the london 2012 regeneration?
- £9 bn in extra income
- unemployment fell
- infrastructure improvement - homes, schools and transport
- new jobs in construction
what are the positive environmental impacts of the london 2012 regeneration?
- focus on sustainability
- walking and cycling paths
- homes are decided to be water efficient
- park aims to protect green areas
what are the negative social impacts of the london 2012 regeneration?
- affordable homes are no longer affordable for poorest
- unemployment actually went up
- very few jobs created
- properties for poorer people were demolished to make way
what are the negative economic impacts of the london 2012 regeneration?
- £8.77 bn
- money angered local people
- existing businesses had to move
what are the negative environmental impacts of the london 2012 regeneration?
- 3.3 million tonnes of CO2 were created
- wildlife had to be relocated
who were in conflict over the regeneration for olympics?
- demolishment of local businesses
- rising land prices make it challenging for others to stay
- local council thinks that some local industries going is good but some others are bad
- demolition of housing estates and student halls
what are the 9 key themes of POWYS regeneration?
green powys - making the most of natural assets
skilled powys - high quality training
resilient powys - make communities more resilient
economic development - thriving businesses
access to services
renewable energy
cultural powys
tourism
location of choice - where graduates and young families choose to be
what are the 6 aims of grow in powys?
community broadband - better connectivity, over 60 households, farms and businesses wanting to join the scheme
community for work - supporting people to get into work
transforming towns grant - funding for region to recreate buildings and open spaces
growing mid wales - trade delegation and economic growth
fighting climate change - carbon positive strategy
what is rebranding?
rebranding involves re-imagining places using a variety of media to improve the image of both urban and rural locations and make them more attractive for potential investors.
how are urban spaces rebranded?
1)using the media - positive news stories, advertising, use of logos
2)using physical and cultural assets - industrial heritage, redeveloping warehouses into apartments, brownfield sites into houses
how is the shopping in liverpool rebranded?
- over 160 stores with additional elements (leisure and dining)
- liverpool one shopping centre was the largest flagship regeneration project
- over 600 residential units, offices, public open spaces
how was the culture in liverpool rebranded?
- european capital of culture 2008
- 2023 eurovision held in honour of ukraine
- 2010 hosted 7000 cultural events and attracted 15 mil visitors
- liverpool john airport was named that 2002 to stress historic link
how was the waterfront rebranded in liverpool regeneration?
2004 - waterfront declared UNESCO site
- albert dock has once again re-invented itself
- £19m liner terminal built has been revitalised by an extension of the leeds liverpool canal
how was the city centre and neighbourhood rebranded in liverpool regeneration?
- area developed as the centre for liverpool’s night life and creative industry.
- ropewalks became popular place for city living
- former industrial districts have been regenerated to create a place where they want to live.
priorities for regeneration for players and stakeholders in isle of dogs?
residents - average house prices
- unemployment/GCSE results - shortage of jobs
- life expectancy and high crime rates
TNCs - education - skilled employers - travel to work
small businesses - landlord ownership (high rent)
- ethnicity - poorer ethnicities
local councils - education/skills/results
- population density (high rise buildings = sink estate)
- second home ownership
what makes a regeneration successful?
1) must benefit all
2) must be sustainable
what makes a regeneration sustainable?
1) environmentally
2) economic
3) social
what are players?
someone who has a direct influence on policy and action with regards to a certain place
what are stakeholders?
someone who had a direct interest in the outcome of a project or policy, but do not have the direct power to influence the decision making process.
what are the government level strategies on the isle of dogs?
1) planning laws
2) infrastructure investment
3) international deregulation
4) migration policy
what do planning laws do for regeneration (isle of dogs)
the government is responsible for ensuring the nation interest has been fulfilled - going for tertiary and quaternary industry:
- set up LDDC
- focus of moving to new economy
- granted permission to build on brownfield sites
- relaxed planning regulation
what does infrastructure investment do for regeneration (isle of dogs)
london city airport - not actually useful or accessible to locals - only flies to business locations
DLR built to improve access to workers
what does international deregulation do for regeneration (isle of dogs)
deregulation - removal of taxes and tarrifs on trading which might limit the activity of a TNC
- took off taxes for banks in london
what did migration policy do for regeneration (isle of dogs)
source of highly skilled labour needed for new economy to grow.
stimulate growth
what are the local level problems on the isle of dogs?
1) provide affordable housing
2) improve aesthetics
3) improve quality of services
4) improve community cohesion
5) provide appropriate employment
how does affordable housing help regeneration?
most of the new housing is aimed at YUPPIES - £2200/mth
but there are some affordable housing provided - Millwall fire station (6 affordable rents
but this does not happen quick enough
how does improving aesthetics help regeneration?
making the area appear better and less deprived attracts more rich people which affects affordability and hides the inequality
how does improving quality of services help regeneration - isle of dogs?
improvement of local services e.g. schools and health centres
- but 5 schools are generally bad (49% GCSE)
- medical centres (long waiting list and too expensive)
- obesity rates are high
- low end supermarkets & fast food restaurants
how does improving community cohesion aid regeneration?
aims to foster a sense of place and identify in transformational social and urban regeneration through participation in dance (LTGDP)
what aspects of the isle of dogs regeneration were successful?
- planning laws (economically) e.g. HSBC
- deregulation e.g. JP Morgan
- improving transport e.g. DLR
- attracting YUPPIES (economically) e.g. jobs
- aesthetics e.g. paint and palm trees
- quality of living e.g. arnham wharf
what aspects of the isle of dogs regeneration were unsuccessful?
- planning laws (socially) e.g. no jobs for everyone
- attracting YUPPIES (socially) e.g. did not interact with anyone
- providing affordable housing e.g.13 affordable houses provided
- community cohesion e.g. isolation of old people and gang culture
what is superfast cornwall?
launched in 2011
the aim of providing superfast broadband to homes and businesses across cornwall
what are the economic benefits of superfast cornwall?
- over 2000 businesses connected and 4500 jobs created
- extension allowed another 10000 homes to be connected
- economic impact of £200 million
what are the social benefits of superfast cornwall?
opened new opportunities for leisure and learning through improvement of connectivity
connected many residents
what are the environmental benefits of superfast cornwall?
highlights the significant levels of carbon abatement delivered by telecoms technologies
what are the costs of superfast cornwall?
-£132 million
- cornwall still lags behind and not all of it has been able to get the improvements despite the money
why has superfast cornwall been successful?
- provided more jobs
- diversify the economy (new businesses)
- less isolation
- reduce brain drain
why has the superfast cornwall been unsuccessful?
- not everyone benefitted
what is watergate bay?
home to three initiatives that aim to improve the area
what are the benefits of watergate bay?
- remove the barriers that are put in place by disability
- 15 charity served over 1 million customers and gave 150 people jobs
- generated £200000 for charity
what were the costs of watergate bay?
watergate hotel is planning a major expansion which may damage the local environment
why was watergate bay successful?
- provided year round employment
- diversify the economy
- may help stimulate cycle of growth
why was watergate bay unsuccessful?
- did not develop a knowledge based economy
- no skilled work
what was wave hub?
a power research project 16 km off the coast to bring in energy from the waves.
what are the benefits of wave hub?
will generate £76 million over 25 years
what are the negatives of wave hub?
cost £42 million
what made wave hub successful?
- provides 170 year round jobs
- prevents brain drain
- local people and economy benefit
- overcomes isolation
what was the combined university project?
increasing the range of university courses and education rate
what were the benefits of the combined university project?
- raises education standard as more people can access the uni
- creates better jobs
- prevent brain drain?
what were the negatives of the combined university project?
- big economic costs - at least £2.5 million put in
- may increase house prices as more uni students come to the area and force locals out of their homes
what made combined university project successful?
- more jobs, more businesses, more employment (cycle of growth)
- economy will rely less of tourism
- more people move to cornwall
- higher skilled workers = more education = more knowledge
- more money put into the area
what made the combined university project unsuccessful?
- increased house prices due to more students
- decrease social cohesion
what is the eden project?
tourist attraction and environmental charity that exhibits the worlds major plant types
what were the benefits of the eden project?
in the first 10 years, it:
- generated £1.1 bn
- attracted 13 million visitors
- employed 650 people directly and 3000 indirectly
- used 2700 local suppliers
- increased employment
- developed tourism into a year round sector
what were the economic costs of the eden project?
- cost £141 million to complete
- increased traffic meant delivery times for businesses were delayed
- most people employed were over 50 - less opportunities for young people
what were the social costs of the eden project?
- value of surrounding houses decreased due to traffic
what were the environmental costs of the eden project?
traffic caused a great increase of pollution in the area
what made the eden project successful?
- year round employment
- encourages people to visit cornwall - decreasing geographical isolation
- stopping brain drain as is an education technique
- creates a positive multiplier effect
what made the eden project unsuccessful?
- not everyone benefitted - £33 entry = some locals cant afford
- did not diversify economy
