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History - Germany - The FRG > How far had the political and social stability been achieved by 1963? > Flashcards

How far had the political and social stability been achieved by 1963? Flashcards

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1
Q

What groups of people were specifically suffering post-war?

A

-refugees, PoWs (prisoners of war) and disabled people

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2
Q

When was the Equalisation of Burdens Law?

A

1953

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3
Q

What was the Equalisation of Burdens Law?

A

-money given to people who had been affected by WW2 and it’s designed to prevent inequality->prevent social tensions->143 billion Deutsche marks (DM) redistributed

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4
Q

When was the 131 Law?

A

1951

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5
Q

What was the 131 Law?

A

-restored employment and pension rights of former civil servants (anyone who works for the government)->aimed to reintegration of Nazi sympathisers by restoring pension/work rights->builds cohesiveness

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6
Q

What does Wiedergutmachung mean?

A

‘making good again’ Policy which offered reparations to Nazi victims

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7
Q

What did Adenauer recognise the importance of to do with the Nazi years?

A

-addressing the brutality of the Nazi years and offered compensation
-no acceptance of collective guilt for Nazi crimes but they were acknowledged as in need of reparations

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8
Q

What did Wiedergutmachung help to show the international countries?

A

-that they were moving on from the past

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9
Q

What did the German-Israeli compensation agreement give Germany? When?

A

-3,450 million DM in 1952

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10
Q

What Unions/Union laws were integrated?

A

-The German Federation of Trade Union
-Co-determination Law of 1951
-Works Constitution Law of 1952

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11
Q

When was the TU system (Trade union) simplified? How/what organisation was created?

A

-1949
-creation of 16 workers unions->covered by 1 umbrella organisation->The German Federation of Trade Unions

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12
Q

When was the Co-Determination Law?

A

1951

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13
Q

What was the Co-Determination Law?

A

-gave workers representatives on managerial boards in coal, iron and steel industries, appeased workers who wanted nationalisation and redistribution of property (SPD principles)

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14
Q

When was the Works Constitution Law?

A

1952

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15
Q

What was the Works Constitution Law?

A

-created a work council for all companies of over 500 employees

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16
Q

What was the results of the integration of the unions?

A

-TUs (trade unions) stepped back from politics and few strikes

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17
Q

What did the Welfare State’s system of social security being reinstituted and expanded include?

A

-unemployment benefit
-accident insurance
-sickness insurance->much improved in 1957 with sick pay
-pensions reformed in 1957->pension was 60% of persons earnings (UK=29%
-public assistance was desperate
-family welfare (eg child allowances) and from 1954 there was child benefit
-state supported new housing from 1949-1961->6 million new flats and half of them were council homes

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18
Q

Why was education a particular focus for the Allied Occupation from 1945?

A

-as the Nazi education system had been so effective->education reform was focused on instilling democratic principles->there was little agreement on a common education policy from the Bizone

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19
Q

What was done about education?

A

-traditional German school system was retained which Germans welcomed
-Primary school were maintained as well as selective grammar and vocational schools
-German universities were the preserve of the elite (only the elite could go)

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20
Q

Who was the responsibility of education passed to? When?

A

-responsibility passed to Lander in 1949

21
Q

What sort of practical issues were there with post-war education?

A

-lack of staff
-lack of resources
-lack of buildings
-lack of large classes

22
Q

What were the issues with having new teachers?

A

-they were often unqualified and limited training was offered

23
Q

What did the curriculum return to? Why?

A

-returned to what it was like in the Weimar years->there was no clear consensus on how to progress

24
Q

When were the Abolition of fees?

A

1958

25
Q

When was the Dusseldorf agreement?

A

1958

26
Q

What were the Abolition of fees and the Dusseldorf agreement?

A

-organisation of school holidays, school years ad examination subjects

27
Q

Why was there limited progress in education?

A

-lack of consensus and communist fears

28
Q

What were the main issues with education?

A

-the economic prosperity disguised the weakness in educational reform
-focus on Weimar era and traditionalist approach
-no desire to mimic the reforms of the GDR (East Germany)
-Lander couldn’t agree on a policy

29
Q

What were the positives about women?

A

-legally women given equal rights by constitution
-Law of Equality of the Sexes in 1957
-more opportunities for women due to expanding admin and service sector->a female workforce was seen as a positive in the FRG
-developments in household appliances made balancing home and work life easier

30
Q

When was the Law of Equality of the Sexes?

A

1957

31
Q

What was the Law of Equality of the Sexes?

A

-legally women given equal rights by constitution
-Law of Equality of the Sexes in 1957->gave women the right to seek employment even without the consent of their husbands and keep control of property after marriage
-more opportunities for women due to expanding admin and service sector->a female workforce was seen as a positive in the FRG
-developments in household appliances made balancing home and work life easier

32
Q

What were the negatives facing women?

A

-not paid equally (40% less than men)
-not equal numbers in higher education (19% in 1950 and 30% in 1968
-still largely traditional and conservative in views towards women promoted by the Catholic Church
-Three KKKs were still seen as relevant and the main role for females

33
Q

What were the economic living standards like even despite the ‘economic miracle’?

A

-most incomes grew slowly for industrial and office workers which led to modest living->most people continued with war time savings and attitudes to money

34
Q

What percentage of people in 1955 were still living in basic subsistence level?

A

20%

35
Q

What percentage of people in 1955 were living in a one bedroom flat/house?

A

over 50%

36
Q

By 1955 what were the average working week hours?

A

49

37
Q

How many people in 1955 had never had a holiday?

A

over a third

38
Q

What did the improved Trade Union representation led to an increase of in 1955?

A

increase in incomes and living standards

39
Q

By 1962 what had the working week changed to?

A

-working week reduced to 40 hours and 5 day working week with longer holidays

40
Q

By 1962 what percentage of households owned a fridge?

A

63%

41
Q

By 1962 what percentage of households owned a tv?

A

42%

42
Q

By 1962 what percentage of households owned a car?

A

38%

43
Q

By 1962 what percentage of households owned a washing machine?

A

36%

44
Q

Why did social envy reduce by 1962?

A

-people were not ashamed to show off their wealth

45
Q

What decade did consumerism take off?

A

1960s

46
Q

What was the phrase ‘without me’ used to describe?

A

-used to describe the mentality of Germans who wanted to make up for the years of war and focus on home, work and family
-focus for many Germans was not on politics but family and material achievements

47
Q

How did the US influence Germany?

A

-traditional culture gradually declined
-mass media expanded->cinema and tv spread US culture
-attracted to fashions, rock ‘n’ roll music and Coca Cola

48
Q

What evidence is there for increasing youth protest?

A

-Teddy Boy riots 1956-1958
-rejected old ideas and rebellion against family values

49
Q

How did the FRG bring political stability?

A

-equalisation of Berlin’s Law->increase political stability and make people happy
-got rid of proportional representation in its entirety and replaced it with the 5% threshold (in order to gain a seat you had to have 5%)->no little parties in government->keeping out extremism and keeping stability through bigger parties->reduces the number of coalitions and extremists in government

History - Germany - The FRG (8 decks)

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