how does cancer develop? Flashcards
how many mutations do you need for a tumour to start developing?
more than one
what is BRCA1/2 involved in?
DNA repair
what is RB1 gene?
tumour suppressor gene
what happens as cells acquire more mutations?
- different shape/size/molecular biology
- autonomous growth
- do not resemble original cell-type
What is de-differentiation in the context of cancer?
cells don’t resemble their differentiated cells from which they derived
what is carcinoma in situ
don’t have proteases to break through the basement membrane. Pre-cancerous
what is dissemenation through the bloodstream described as?
haematogenous
what is cancer dissemenation through the lymph system known as?
lymphogenous
carcinogenesis is a…..
multistep process
Describe a known mutation pattern leading to colon cancer
- Mutation APC
- Mutation K RAS (Map1 pathway)
- Deletion P53
what is the other word for polyp?
adenoma
which suffix indicates a benign tumour?
…oma
why don’t cancer cells die?
upregulate telomere production
vascoendothelial growth factor receptor does what
upregulates angiogenesis
what are the four major epithelial cancers?
lung, bowel, breast, prostate
what is mesenchymal tissue?
any tissue which is not epithelial
what cells are derived from the embryonic ectoderm
epithelial and nervous
what cells are derived from the mesoderm?
epithelia, connective tissue and bone
what tissue is derived from endoderm?
epithelial only
name two places you would find an SCC
skin, nasal cavity, larynx lung cervix
what is an adenocarcinoma?
malignant tumour of glandular origin
what’s a feature or cuboidal and columnar simple cells?
polar. stuck to tissue, apical end faces lumen. secretes stuff into the duct. glandular
what are the 3 critical determinants of tumour classification
differentiation (how different cells look compared to normal cells)
embryonic origin
how the cell behaves (malignant or benign)
name the following tumours:
fat
connective
bone
cartilage
gland
stratified squamous
lipoma
fibroma
osteoma
chondroma
adenoma
papilloma
what do papilomas look like?
finger-like projections
what are mesenchymal malignant cancers called
sarcoma
what are epithelial malignant cancers called
carcinoma
is blastoma malignant?
YES
what is blastoma?
malignant tumour from immature/embryonic tissue
how to benign tumours grow?
from the middle, by expansion
give a feature of a benign tumour
well-defined perimeter
