how does cancer develop?

Question 1

how many mutations do you need for a tumour to start developing?

Answer 1

more than one

Question 2

what is BRCA1/2 involved in?

Answer 2

DNA repair

Question 3

what is RB1 gene?

Answer 3

tumour suppressor gene

Question 4

what happens as cells acquire more mutations?

Answer 4

• different shape/size/molecular biology
• autonomous growth
• do not resemble original cell-type

Question 5

What is de-differentiation in the context of cancer?

Answer 5

cells don’t resemble their differentiated cells from which they derived

Question 6

what is carcinoma in situ

Answer 6

don’t have proteases to break through the basement membrane. Pre-cancerous

Question 7

what is dissemenation through the bloodstream described as?

Answer 7

haematogenous

Question 8

what is cancer dissemenation through the lymph system known as?

Answer 8

lymphogenous

Question 9

carcinogenesis is a…..

Answer 9

multistep process

Question 10

Describe a known mutation pattern leading to colon cancer

Answer 10

• Mutation APC
• Mutation K RAS (Map1 pathway)
• Deletion P53

Question 11

what is the other word for polyp?

Answer 11

adenoma

Question 12

which suffix indicates a benign tumour?

Answer 12

…oma

Question 13

why don’t cancer cells die?

Answer 13

upregulate telomere production

Question 14

vascoendothelial growth factor receptor does what

Answer 14

upregulates angiogenesis

Question 15

what are the four major epithelial cancers?

Answer 15

lung, bowel, breast, prostate

Question 16

what is mesenchymal tissue?

Answer 16

any tissue which is not epithelial

Question 17

what cells are derived from the embryonic ectoderm

Answer 17

epithelial and nervous

Question 18

what cells are derived from the mesoderm?

Answer 18

epithelia, connective tissue and bone

Question 19

what tissue is derived from endoderm?

Answer 19

epithelial only

Question 20

name two places you would find an SCC

Answer 20

skin, nasal cavity, larynx lung cervix

Question 21

what is an adenocarcinoma?

Answer 21

malignant tumour of glandular origin

Question 22

what’s a feature or cuboidal and columnar simple cells?

Answer 22

polar. stuck to tissue, apical end faces lumen. secretes stuff into the duct. glandular

Question 23

what are the 3 critical determinants of tumour classification

Answer 23

differentiation (how different cells look compared to normal cells)
embryonic origin
how the cell behaves (malignant or benign)

Question 24

name the following tumours:
fat
connective
bone
cartilage
gland
stratified squamous

Answer 24

lipoma
fibroma
osteoma
chondroma
adenoma
papilloma

Question 25

what do papilomas look like?

Answer 25

finger-like projections

Question 26

what are mesenchymal malignant cancers called

Answer 26

sarcoma

Question 27

what are epithelial malignant cancers called

Answer 27

carcinoma

Question 28

is blastoma malignant?

Answer 28

YES

Question 29

what is blastoma?

Answer 29

malignant tumour from immature/embryonic tissue

Question 30

how to benign tumours grow?

Answer 30

from the middle, by expansion

Question 31

give a feature of a benign tumour

Answer 31

well-defined perimeter