how do tumours develop

Question 1

what is morphology?

Answer 1

how cells look

Question 2

name the pre-cancerous stages

Answer 2

hyperplasia
dysplasia
carcinoma in situ
invasive carcinoma

Question 3

what is metaplasia

Answer 3

proliferation of the wrong sort of tissue in the wrong place

Question 4

where does metaplasia normally happen

Answer 4

junctions such as cervix/uterus or stomach/oesophagus

Question 5

what is Barrett’s oesophagus

Answer 5

oesophageal epithelial cells are damaged by GORD and migratory columnar epithelial cells from the stomach grow instead. Increased risk of cancer

Question 6

name some features of dysplasia

Answer 6

Variability nuclear size and
shape

> nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio

Increased mitotic activity

Change in the relative numbers
of specific cell types

Question 7

what are the 2 main risk factors for cervical dysplasia

Answer 7

HPV 16, HPV 18

Question 8

what is CIN

Answer 8

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Question 9

cells of carcinoma in situ have what characteristics?

Answer 9

highly dedifferentiated
high mitotic index
primitive in capability