How Do We Form Attachments

Question 1

What are frame by frame video analysis?

Answer 1

Researchers record behaviours of participants with a camera and make detailed observations on each frame.

Question 2

What does frame by frame analysis lead to?

Answer 2

More reliable observations

Question 3

What is a longitudinal study?

Answer 3

When researchers investigate the same participants at multiple time points.

Question 4

Strengths of a longitudinal study

Answer 4

• It allows researchers to gain deeper insights into behaviour and how it changes over time.
• It gives researchers insights into how early experiences shape behaviour.
• They can see if their results are reliable

Question 5

What is attrition?

Answer 5

When the researched loses some of the participants from the sample.

Question 6

What is a limitation of a longitudinal study?

Answer 6

Attrition

Question 7

What studies do researches use when they want to directly manipulate an independent variable?

Answer 7

Animal studies

Question 8

What is an advantages of an animal study?

Answer 8

Can still test cause and effect

Don’t need to rely on natural and quasi experiments.

Question 9

What are some limitations to studying animal studies.

Answer 9

Results of animal studies may not generalise to humans.

May not be ethical

Question 10

What is the first stage of attachment?

Answer 10

Pre-attachment

Question 11

What happens in the pre-attachment?

Answer 11

Babies will not show any preference for one person or another.

0-3 months

Question 12

What is the second stage of attachment?

Answer 12

Indiscriminate stage

Question 13

What happens in the indiscriminate stage of attachment?

Answer 13

Babies recognise familiar people and prefer these people over others but don’t have a strong attachment to one person.

3-7 months

Question 14

What is the third stage of attachment?

Answer 14

Discriminate attachment

Question 15

What happens happens in the discriminate attachment stage?

Answer 15

Babies form an attachment to one person.

7-9 months

Question 16

How can we tell that an attachment has formed?

Answer 16

The baby starts to cry when the main attachment figure walks away.-separation anxiety

Question 17

What is stranger anxiety?

Answer 17

When babies cry and get upset when they are around unfamiliar people.

Question 18

What is the multiple attachment stage?

Answer 18

Babies start to form attachment with people other than their main caregiver.
9 months onwards.

Question 19

What did Schaffer and Emerson assess?

Answer 19

Wether babies showed separation or stranger anxiety.

In a natural and longitudinal study.

They also gave interviews to the different families to find out behaviours about the babies.

Question 20

What did Schaffer and Emerson find?

Answer 20

• The results that they found supported the four stages of attachment
• babies can form multiple attachments 87% to 2 people and 34% to 5 or more.
• babies main attachment figure was not always their main caregiver or mother.
• babies who formed the strongest attachments had caregivers that were sensitive to their needs.

Question 21

What is sensitive responsiveness?

Answer 21

Babies that formed the strongest attachment had caregivers that were sensitive to their needs.

Question 22

How many babies were researches in Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

Answer 22

60

Question 23

What is a strength to Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

Answer 23

• naturalistic observation

Question 24

What is a weakness to the Schaffer and Emerson study?

Answer 24

• observer bias

* social desirability due to the use of an interview.

Question 25

What is an example of reciprocity?

Answer 25

A baby claps it’s hand after seeing his father clap his hands.

Question 26

What is reciprocity?

Answer 26

The infant and caregiver both take turns in an interaction , so they respond to each others actions.

Question 27

What is an example of interactional synchrony?

Answer 27

Father and son both open their mother at the same time.

Question 28

What is interactional synchrony?

Answer 28

When caregiver and infant perform similar actions in time with one another.

Question 29

What did Isabella find in his study?

Answer 29

There is a positive correlation between interactional synchrony and the strength of the attachment bond.

Question 30

What did codon and sander find in their study about interactional synchrony?

Answer 30

Caregivers and infants display interactional and reciprocity.

Question 31

How did codon and sander carry out their research into interactional synchrony?

Answer 31

They used frame by frame video analysis to find that caregivers and infants display interactional synchrony and reciprocity.

Question 32

What is the strength of the codon and sander and the Isabella study into interactional synchrony and reciprocity?

Answer 32

• They used frame by frame analysis in a controlled environment. - make sure observations were accurate.

Question 33

What a weakness of the codon and sander and the Isabella study into interactional synchrony and reciprocity?

Answer 33

• The researchers may not have always been objective in their observations- observer bias.
• they are correlations studies, making it harder to infer cause and effect.