Attatchment

Question 1

Ainsworth 8 situations

Answer 1

1.Parent and infant are introduced to the room.
2.parents and infants are alone.
Parent does not participate while infant explores.
3.Stranger enters, conversers with parents, then approaches infant. Parent leaves inconspicuously.

4. First separation episode: strangers behaviour is geared to that of infant.
5. First reunion episode: parent greets and comforts infant, then leaves again.
6. Second separation episode: infant is alone.
7. Continuation of second separation episode: stranger enters and gears behaviour to the left of the infant.
8. Second reunion episode come along parent enters, greet infant, and picks up in different; strangely inconspicuously.

Question 2

Bowlby’s monotropic theory

Answer 2

A theory of attachment that suggests attachment is the result of evolutionary behaviours towards a primary caregiver.

Question 3

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 3

A theory for social deviance that suggests that constant separation from the child and primary caregiver results in permanent difficulties for the child in the future.

Question 4

Critical period

Answer 4

A period of time where if a child does not form an attachment they never will.

Question 5

Intersectional synchrony

Answer 5

A type of interaction between the child and primary caregiver, where they mirror each other’s actions.

Question 6

Insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 6

Ainsworth- strange situation

This “Type A” attachment style is characterised by low anxiety in the presence of strangers and absence of the caregiver.

Upon reunion with the caregiver, the child shows no interest in receiving comfort.

Question 7

Insecure-resistant attachment

Answer 7

Ainsworth- strange situation

“Type B” attachment style is characterised by extreme anxiety in the presence of strangers and absence of caregiver.

The child will resist comfort from the caregiver.

Question 8

Institutionalisation

Answer 8

The long-term effects of growing up in an institution and being unable to create an attachment with a primary caregiver.

Question 9

Internal working model

Answer 9

Bowlby’s internal framework

A child’s interactions with their primary caregiver that remains as a reference for understanding the world.

Question 10

Learning theory

Answer 10

An explanation for attachment according to the behaviourist approach attributing attachment to classical/ operant conditioning.

Question 11

Reciprocity

Answer 11

At type of interaction between caregiver and child in which both individuals respond to each other’s actions with mutual responsiveness, and elicit responses from each other.

Question 12

Secure attachment

Answer 12

Ainsworth- strange situation

A child that shows moderate anxiety in the presence of strangers and absence of their caregiver.

This child accepts reunion with their caregiver and uses their caregiver as a safe base from which to explore.

Question 13

What is the pre attachment stage?

Answer 13

Where babies show no preference for any adult.

It is in the first 3 months of a babies life.

Question 14

What is the indiscriminate attachment stage?

Answer 14

• Babies begin to prefer similar people.
• babies don’t yet form a strong attachment or one particular person.
• it occurs around 3-7 months of age

Question 15

What are some evaluations of caregiver infant interactions?

Answer 15

• it’s hard to know what is actually happening.
• controlled observations- unlikely to suffer from demand characteristics, improved validity.
• hard to know the purpose of synchrony and reciprocity.
• research is socially sensitive and has an impact of the economy.

Question 16

Schaffer and Emerson role of the father.

Answer 16

The mother is usually the first attachment figure- the secondary attachments.