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Biology 1 & 2 > how do cells function: reactions that take place in the chloroplast and mitochondria > Flashcards

how do cells function: reactions that take place in the chloroplast and mitochondria Flashcards

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1
Q

the ability for plants/organisms to capture sunlight energy depends on…

A

the presence of pigments, principally chlorophylls, present in chloroplasts.

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2
Q

what source of external energy can be absorbed by plants and algae?

A

only particular wavelengths of sunlight energy/radiation within the visible light range - principally blue and red.

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3
Q

how is light energy trapped during photosynthesis?

A

light energy is trapped by the major light trapping chlorophyll and splits water molecules into hydrogen ions and oxygen.
Additionally, accessory pigment transfer the energy they absorb into chlorophylls.

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4
Q

accessory pigments definition

A

other light capturing pigments that are found in plants and various algae. They capture extra sunlight and transfer the energy they absorb into chlorophylls.

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5
Q

absorption peak definition

A

identifies the wavelength/s at which a pigment is most effective in capturing sunlight energy.

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6
Q

what is the maximum absorption of chlorophylls and then accessory pigments.

A

maximum absorption of the chlorophylls occurs in both the violet and in the red regions of the visible light spectrum. Accessory pigments capture sunlight energy at different wavelengths from those captured by chlorophylls.

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7
Q

photosynthesis definition

A

a biological process that can capture energy that originates from sunlight and convert it into chemical compounds (carbohydrates/glucose) that every organism uses to power its metabolism.

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8
Q

what does photosynthesis involve? Define this process..

A

involves carbon fixation, a process by which carbon atoms from the air are incorporated/fixed into organic molecules (gas carbon is turned into solid carbon molecules)

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9
Q

recall the worded and chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water —(light/chlorophyll)–> glucose + oxygen

6CO₂ + 6H₂O —-(light/chlorophyll)–> C₆H12O₆ + 6O₂

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10
Q

define what is located in the grana membranes

A

where chlorophylls that capture sunlight energy are located

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11
Q

define where the stroma membranes are located

A

surround the fluid filled space (stroma) between the grana of the chloroplast

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12
Q

define what the thylakoids are

A

the inner membranes that makeup both granal and stromal areas

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13
Q

define the chloroplasts strucuture

A

the boundaries of each chloroplast is a double membrane (inner and outer). The inner membrane extends and folds to form a system of membranous sacs called thylakoids. When several of these stacks form together they form grana.

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14
Q

define the location of chlorophyll and what it is the site of

A

located in the grana, the sight of light dependant reactions

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15
Q

define the location of the stroma and what it contains/is the site of

A

the semi-fluid substance in the areas between the grana, contains enzymes necessary for the light independant reactions

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16
Q

what are the two stages of photosynthesis

A
  1. light dependant stage
  2. light independant stage
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17
Q

define light dependant reactions (water splitting stage)

A

energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll in the grana of chloroplasts and that energy is converted into stored chemical energy that is used to split a molecule of water into hydrogen and oxygen. This chemical energy is utilised to energise light independent reactions. Oxygen is released as a waste product.

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18
Q

light independant reactions (carbon fixing stage)

A

the chemical energy harvested during the light dependant reactions drives the assembly of sugar/glucose molecules from carbon dioxide that is added to the hydrogen from the light dependant reaction.

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19
Q

fill in the blanks

A
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20
Q

state the inputs for a light dependant reaction

A

sunlight, water

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21
Q

state the outputs for a light dependant reaction

A

oxygen (into atmopshere), hydrogen, ATP

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22
Q

state the inputs for a light independant reaction

A

hydrogen, ATP

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23
Q

state the outputs for a light independant reaction

A

CO₂ (into the atmosphere), glucose, water

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24
Q

fill in the blanks

A
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25
Q

chemosynthetic autotrophs definition

A

bacteria that synthesize sugars/ their own energy by extracting energy from inorganic chemical compounds/nitrates from their surroundings.

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26
Q

autotrophs definition

A

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.

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27
Q

photoautotrophs definition

A

organisms that use light to manufacture their own food.

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28
Q

heterotrophs definition

A

organisms that must rely on sugars, produced by photosynthetic organisms for their energy needs.

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29
Q

endosymbiosis definition

A

a symbiotic relationship where one organism takes up a permanent residence inside other living organisms.

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30
Q

endosymbiotic theory definition

A

proposes that mitochondria and chloroplast were once small bacteria (prokaryotes) that were engulfed by larger cells and continued to live inside their host as in a symbiotic relationship. Eventually the host cell and the engulfed cell became inseparable and eukaryotes evolved from this relationship.

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31
Q

evidence of the endosymbiotic theory

A

the oldest fossils of eukaryotes are around 2.1 billion years old.
Analyses of DNA sequences suggest that common ancestors or multicellular eukaryotes lived around 1/5 billion years ago.

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32
Q

when CO₂ is released from cells and dissolves in water……

A

carbonic acid/ a decrease in pH is produced.

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33
Q

when cells absorb CO₂, the surrounding water becomes….

A

less acidic/increase in pH or basic/alkaline.

34
Q

cells require energy for all their activities, including….(5)

A
  • obtaining nutrients
  • synthesizing materials for growth and repair
  • movement and metabolism
  • eliminating wastes
  • reproduction
35
Q

chemical energy definition

A

energy stored in bonds that join atoms together in molecules

36
Q

when chemical energy bonds are broken… (relate to cells)

A

the molecule breaks apart and the energy is released. Cells access usable chemical energy stored in ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

37
Q

Energy in the form of ATP is the energy that…

A

drives all metabolic processes within a cell

38
Q

how is energy released for use by the cell?

A

energy is released for use by the cell when ATP is hydrolyzed as follows:
- once an ATP molecules has given up its energy, it becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate).
- ADP can be ‘recharged’ with energy, the ‘lost’ Pi is rejoined which is what happens in cellular respiration.

39
Q

definition of hydrolysed

A

break down a compound by chemical reaction with water

40
Q

definition of cellular respiration

A

the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding as waster products, carbon dioxide, and water.

41
Q

how does cellular respiration release energy stored in glucose molecules

A

by breaking the bonds holding glucose molecules together, then using this energy to produce ATP from ADP + Pi.

42
Q

recall the two types of cellular respiration

A
  • aerobic respiration (requiring oxygen)
  • anaerobic respiration (without oxygen)
43
Q

define aerobic respiration

A

in aerobic respiration, glucose molecules (C6H12O6) are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and Water (H2O). This is an energy -releasing, or exogenic, process and the energy released is used to produce ATP

44
Q

fill in for cellular respiration

A
45
Q

recall the three stages that cellular respiration occur in

A
  1. Glycolosis - occurs in the cytosol of the cell
  2. Krebs cycle - occurs in the matrix of the cells mitochondria
  3. Electron Transport - occurs in the cristae (membranes) of the mitochondria
46
Q

define glycolosis

A

the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH, and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen.

47
Q

where does glycolosis occur

A

in the cytosol of the cell

48
Q

is glycolosis anaerobic or aerobic

A

anaerobic

49
Q

what are the inputs for glycolosis

A

glucose, ADP + Pi

50
Q

what are the outputs for glycolosis

A

2 ATPS, 2 Pyruvates

51
Q

if oxygen is present within the cell after glycolosis…

A

the 2 pyruvates move into the mitochondria/ second stage of aerobic respiration

52
Q

define the krebs cycle

A

process that occurs in the mitochondria, where acetyl-COA derived from the breakdown of glucose enters a series of chemical reactions. These reactions produce carbon dioxide, reduced coenzymes, and ATP, further harvesting energy from the original glucose molecule

53
Q

where does the krebs cycle occur

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

54
Q

is the krebs cycle anaerobic or aerobic

A

aerobic

55
Q

what are the inputs for the krebs cycle

A

pyruvates via the link reaction which is converted into acetyle coenzyme A, ADP + Pi

56
Q

what are the outputs for the krebs cycle

A

6CO2, 2 ATPS from 2 Pyruvates

57
Q

define the electron transport stage

A

a metabolic process that occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Electrons derived from previous stages are shuttled through protein complexes, generating a flow of protons. This creates a proton gradient, driving ATP synthesis and ultimately facilitating the conversion of oxygen and electrons into water.

58
Q

where does the elctron transport stage occur

A

in the cristae (membranes) of the mitchondrion

59
Q

is the electron transport stage anaerobic or aerobic

A

aerobic

60
Q

what are the inputs of the electron transport stage

A

oxygen

61
Q

what are the outputs of the electron transport stage

A

26 or 28 ATP (added to the 4 ATP produced by other stages), water

62
Q

fill in the blanks

A
63
Q

define anaerobic cellular respiration

A

a metabolic process where cells generate energy from organic molecules without the presence of oxygen. In the absence of oxygen, glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, followed by fermentation, producing ATP and converting pyruvate into various by-products such as lactic acid or ethanol.

64
Q

does anaerobic respiration occur without or without oxygen?

A

without oxygen

65
Q

where does anaerobic respiration occur

A

occurs in the cytosol - NO part occurs in the mitochondria/ skips the Krebs cycle and electron transport

66
Q

how is glucose split and ATP produced in anaerobic cellular respiration?

A
  • glucose is split apart into pyruvate during glycolysis. This is exactly the same as occurs in the first step/ glycolysis of aerobic respiration.
  • only two ATPs are produced from glycolysis. When pyruvate is broken down anaerobically there is no further production of ATP.
67
Q

describe anaerobic respiration in yeast, plants, and bacteria

A

breaks down pyruvate into alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide

68
Q

describe anerobic respiration in mammals

A

can only be maintained for about one minute. After oxygen reserves have been depleted, pyruvate will be broken down anaerobically into lactic acid/ lactate. Lactic acid is what causes muscles to fatigue, so exertion has to stop.

69
Q

anaerobic respiration products in animal cells

A

2 ATP and 2 Lactate

70
Q

anaerobic respiration products in yeast, plant and bacteria cells.

A

2 ATP, 2 Ethanol and 2 CO₂

71
Q

compare and fill in the blanks

A

compare and fill in the blanks

72
Q

independant variable definition

A

Independent variables are what we expect will influence dependent variables/ what is changed.

73
Q

dependant variable definition

A

A dependent variable is what happens as a result of the independent variable/ what is measured.

74
Q

controlled variable definition

A

an experimental condition or element that is kept the same throughout the experiment, and it is not of primary concern in the experiment, nor will it influence the outcome of the experiment.

75
Q

accuracy definition

A

the accuracy of a measurement relates to how close it is to the ‘true’ value of the quantity being measured.

76
Q

precision definition

A

refers to how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other. Precision gives NO indication of how close the measurements are to the true value and is therefore a separate consideration to accuracy.

77
Q

repeatability definition

A

a measure of the ability of the method to generate similar results for multiple preparations of the same sample.

78
Q

reproducibility definition

A

A measurement is reproducible if the investigation is repeated by another person, or by using different equipment or techniques, and the same results are obtained.

79
Q

true value definition

A

the value, or range of values, that would be found if the quantity could be measured perfectly.

80
Q

validity definition

A

a measurement is said to be valid if it measures what it is supposed to be measuring.
An experiment is said to be valid if it investigates what it sets out and/or claims to investigate.

Biology 1 & 2 (8 decks)

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