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AS Tudors > How could Henry VII establish the Tudor dynasty? > Flashcards

How could Henry VII establish the Tudor dynasty? Flashcards

1
Q

What challenges did HVII face after winning the Battle of Bosworth?

A
  • Weak claim to the throne
  • Had become a King through battle
  • Yorkist threat
  • Spent years in exile
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2
Q

Why was HVII’s weak claim to the throne a challenge, how serious was it and why?

A
  • Claim was mainly through his mother, a Beaufort, meaning shouldn’t inherit the throne
  • The second most serious challenge to him
  • Because meant likely to be challenged by Yorkist claimants and nobility could feel they had a better claim/anyone could be king
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3
Q

Why was HVII becoming King by battle a challenge, how serious was it and why?

A
  • Only had won through battle, which may nobles stayed neutral throughout, and showed the fragility of the position of King
  • The least serious challenge to him
  • Killing Richard III caused Yorkist resentment, suggested nobles could also becoming King through battle
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4
Q

Why was the Yorkist threat to HVII a challenge, how serious was it and why?

A
  • Yorkist claimants had a stronger claim than him, e.g John de la Pole, and resentment had been caused by the death of the Yorkist king
  • Most serious challenge to him
  • Meant Henry was insecure in his position and did not have the support of many in the country. Caused a constant threat of rebellion
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5
Q

Why was HVII spending years in exile a challenge, how serious was it and why?

A
  • Largely unknown in England, many thought his weak claim and lack of the knowledge of the country meant his reign was unlikely to last
  • The third most serious challenge to him
  • Opportunity for rebellion and a lack of faith in him as people of England thought he was unsuited
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6
Q

What date was the Battle of Bosworth?

A

22nd August 1485

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7
Q

What measures did HVII take to secure his position?

A
  • Dated his reign from the day before Bosworth
  • Arranged for his coronation for 30th October 1485
  • Asked for papal dispensation to allow him to marry Elizabeth of York
  • Removed some of the Yorkist threats
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8
Q

Why did HVII date his reign from the day before Bosworth, and how effectively did it secure his position?

A
  • Meant any who fought against him at Bosworth were traitors
  • Second most effective measure
  • Subdued and controlled those who were in open opposition to him, plus they could have their estates seized which could also add to the king’s wealth
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9
Q

Why did HVII arrange his coronation for 30th October 1485, and how effectively did it secure his position?

A
  • The day before parliament met, so it could not be claimed he was king because of parliament
  • Third most effective measure
  • Secured his position as being strong, so it appeared he deserved and earned it
  • Showed he was more powerful than parliament, not the other way round
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10
Q

Why did HVII ask for papal dispensation to marry Elizabeth of York, and how effectively did it secure his position?

A
  • United the houses of Lancaster and York, after being crowned so could not be claimed he owed the crown to his wife, had the support of the pope so suggested the legitimacy of his marriage/reign
  • Most effective measure
  • Ended the civil war and subdued some Yorkist threats, consolidated his position as a strong leader who did not owe the crown to anyone, allowed him to establish a dynasty and show he was serious about the crown
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11
Q

How did HVII remove some Yorkist threats upon gaining the crown, and how effectively did it secure his position?

A
  • Killed and imprisoned some (e.g Warwick and Surrey), restored some to old positions (e.g Northumberland), added some to the King’s Council (e.g Lincoln)
  • The least effective measure
  • Limited some Yorkist threat but there were still other Yorkists that did not accept Henry as king, who were still a problem
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12
Q

What factors helped ease the problems that HVII faced at the beginning of his rule?

A
  • The country was weary of war
  • The previous King was unpopular and also dead
  • Henry was not dependent upon a powerful noble to make him king
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13
Q

How could the fact that the country was weary of war help HVII, and how helpful was it in easing his problems?

A
  • Meant the country would support a king who could offer peace and stability, even with a weak claim, and other claimants may not be supported by the public as meant more war
  • The most helpful factor in easing his problems
  • One of his main threats was other, stronger claimants to the throne, meant less likely to succeed, also increased his own support
  • But some claimants did not need the support of the whole country to rebel
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14
Q

How could the fact that the previous king was unpopular and dead help HVII, and how helpful was it in easing his problems?

A
  • Meant less resentment towards Henry for taking the position, and Richard III could not be counted as another, stronger contender for the throne
  • The least helpful factor in easing his problems
  • Yorkist forces fragmented
  • But even though Richard III unpopular, many saw his as the rightful king and therefore resentment was caused by his death, and pressured more Yorkist claimants to try to take the throne, instead of just one (but see above)
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15
Q

How would the fact that HVII was not dependent on a powerful noble to make him king help him, and how helpful was it in easing his problems?

A
  • Was not beholden to another noble family, showed him to be a strong leader who did not owe his crown to anyone, stopped nobles being too powerful
  • The second most helpful factor in easing his problems
  • Showed his strength, allowed people to see he had earned his crown, meant he could make his own decisions with no need to be loyal to a particular noble, meant had no subjects with too much power
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16
Q

What Yorkist challenges did HVII face?

A
  • Lovell’s Rebellion - 1486
  • Simnel’s Rebellion - 1487
  • Yorkshire Rebellion - 1489
  • Warbeck’s Rebellion - 1491-99
  • Cornish Rebellion - 1497
  • de la Pole’s Rebellion - 1499-1506
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17
Q

How was Lovell’s rebellion in 1486 a threat?

A
  • Within the first year of taking the throne
  • Led by key supporters of Richard III
  • Testing how much support rebellions would get and how popular Henry was
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18
Q

How was Lovell’s rebellion in 1486 not a threat?

A
  • Rebels easily dispensed and taken care of
  • Did not threaten the stability of the monarchy
  • Did not prevent the royal progress, which won loyalty and obedience
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19
Q

How much of a threat was Lovell’s rebellion in 1486?

A

Not as serious as it seemed as the time as it was easily crushed, displayed HVII would easily crush rebellions, and HVII won loyalty and obedience

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20
Q

How was Simnel’s rebellion in 1487 a threat?

A
  • Within the first year of taking the throne
  • Not stopped by the revealing of the real Earl of Warwick, joined by Earl of Lincoln (in King’s Council)
  • 8000 men marched south
  • Battle of Stoke reminiscent of Bosworth - Henry’s men held back until certain would win, showed not fully secure
  • Consequences for Henry, e.g forced to retain Kildare as Lord Deputy of Ireland despite prominent involvement in plot
21
Q

How was Simnel’s rebellion in 1487 not a threat?

A
  • Failed to gain widespread support
  • People tired of war and did not like accompanying Irish force
  • Henry moved through areas of possible disaffection, received oaths of loyalty and punished
22
Q

How much of a threat was Simnel’s rebellion in 1487?

A

The biggest threat to him, because it was within the first year of Henry taking the throne - the only rebellion to force Henry into pitched battle, and the outcome could have easily been reversed. It also led to many consequences for Henry, for example having to retain Kildare as Lord Deputy of Ireland despite his involvement. Henry can be seen as fully secure in his position after the end of this rebellion, as while others had more potential they never actually caused real problems

23
Q

How was the Yorkshire rebellion in 1489 a threat?

A
  • Murder of a government official

- Led by a Yorkist supporter

24
Q

How was the Yorkshire rebellion in 1489 not a threat?

A
  • Easily crushed and did not threaten the monarchy
  • Allowed Henry to install someone loyal as his representative
  • No need for compromise
25
Q

How much of a threat was the Yorkshire rebellion in 1489?

A

Not a threat, as it gave Henry the advantage of having control over Yorkshire with a loyal representative, as well as displaying he would not easily compromise

26
Q

How was Warbeck’s rebellion from 1491-99 a threat?

A
  • International dimension - relations with France and Scotland were poor, they had the ability to use Warbeck to undermine his position
  • Could not parade the real Richard, as he was dead
  • Stanley implicated - plot went right to the heart of court
  • An expensive nuisance, and an embarrassment
27
Q

How was Warbeck’s rebellion from 1491-99 not a threat?

A
  • Never gained much support in England
  • Revealed desperate situation of Yorkists as were willing to support a Pretender
  • Never able to force Henry into a pitched battle - suggested a more secure position?
28
Q

How much of a threat was Warbeck’s rebellion from 1491-99?

A

Had the potential to be very serious, but never got that far - possibility to be undermined internationally and conspiracy went right to the heart of court, but not much support in England. Biggest repercussions were because it lasted a long time, so was expensive and embarrassing

29
Q

How was the Cornish rebellion in 1497 a threat?

A
  • Reached London

- Had support from Lord Audley and some minor gentry

30
Q

How was the Cornish rebellion in 1497 not a threat?

A
  • Easily crushed and did not threaten monarchy

- Numbers declined before reaching London, out of fear (as well as easier to crush, showed Henry strong in his position)

31
Q

How much of a threat was the Cornish rebellion in 1497?

A

Not a threat as the monarchy remained unthreatened, despite it reaching London and having widespread support

32
Q

How was de la Pole’s rebellion from 1499-1506 a threat?

A
  • Dangerous claimant - genuine, easily could have foreign backing (from France, HRE, Burgundy)
  • Cost Henry a lot of money (as stopped trade, plus forced into spending more)
  • Only stopped by chance (storm caused Philip of Burgundy to be captured)
33
Q

How was de la Pole’s rebellion from 1499-1506 not a threat?

A
  • Backers mainly for money, not to support de la Pole’s claim (eventually surrendered him)
  • Did not have English support and never actually attempted to invade, only planned to
34
Q

How much of a threat was de la Pole’s rebellion from 1499-1506?

A

Not a threat - had the potential, but Europe otherwise engaged and no invasion happened before he was surrendered

35
Q

How effective was HVII’s Order of the Garter in reducing the power of the nobility?

A
  • Gave status and reserved for those who had given excellent service, gave prestige but no power or land, created 37
  • One of the most effective measures (6/6) as highly valued and sought after, but no overmighty subjects as gave no power or land. Encouraged good behaviour
36
Q

How effective was HVII’s King’s or Great Council in reducing the power of the nobility?

A
  • Was a sign of trust, ensured support from nobles for decisions, as difficult for them to criticize a decision
  • Five key councillors had been his supporters before Bosworth, and he didn’t expand his circle - especially after being betrayed by Stanley
  • A partially effective measure (5/6) as encouraged loyalty because nobles had to agree with decisions, but faults
37
Q

How effective was HVII’s system of bonds and recognisances in reducing the power of the nobility?

A
  • Discouraged potentially disloyal nobles as involved peers, raised sums of money for Henry, linked to other methods of control
  • A terrifying system - didn’t encourage loyalty to Henry but to each other, and caused unrest
  • One of the least effective measures (4/6) as although kept subjects loyal out of fear, the increasing repressiveness and lack of true loyalty could have caused a lot of unrest
38
Q

How effective were HVII’s Acts of Attainder in reducing the power of the nobility?

A
  • Damaging to families as spelt social and economic ruin, severe in use with special conditions attached to reversals, could also be reversed so encouraged good behaviour
  • Increased during his reign - potential for more unrest (though there wasn’t really)
  • One of the most effective measures (6/6) as a severe punishment, but also encouraged good behaviour as could be reversed. Also generally used sparingly so did not cause unrest
39
Q

How effective was HVII’s limiting of retainers in reducing the power of the nobility?

A
  • Severe penalties meant reduced serious threats, no records of illegal retaining, raised significant sums of money
  • Unable to completely abolish retaining - but didn’t intend to
  • At least partially successful (5/6), as reduced a serious threat and kept from lots of unrest as didn’t completely abolish
40
Q

How effective were HVII’s feudal rights in reducing the power of the nobility?

A
  • Profited through marriage, wardship, relief and livery
  • Could have antagonised nobility and caused unrest, e.g estates under wardship run dry before inheriting
  • One of the least successful measures (4/6) as although made large sums of money, as a form of control could have antagonised and caused unrest
41
Q

How effective was HVII’s restoration of crown lands in reducing the power of the nobility?

A
  • Crown had five times more land at the end of his reign than Henry VI, a very valuable development as ensured monarch much more powerful than any noble (land=money=power)
  • Could have caused unrest
  • Partially successful (5/6) as kept him more powerful than any other noble so a good form of control, but had potential to cause unrest
42
Q

How successfully did HVII strengthen central government?

A
  • Used smaller committees more frequently, used experts in different fields, able to effectively exploit finances and royal rights
  • Council Learned in Law hated and resented (caused such hatred its leaders were executed by HVIII), differed little from Yorkist’s govt - mainly maintained, not strengthened
  • The most successful strengthening - but still problems
43
Q

How successfully did HVII strengthen regional government?

A
  • Members of Council of the north closely watched and appointed by Henry to ensure loyalty and the enforcement of royal will, able to increase control in Wales by placing Council under nominal head of son Arthur and loss of lands by Marcher lords, Poynings’ Law in Ireland 1495
  • Henry’s Irish deputy failed to increase authority, forced to rely on Ireland’s rule through traditional families, e.g restoring Kildare as Lord Deputy after Simnel’s rebellion
  • Partially successful, as able to effectively keep north and Wales under control, but not Ireland
44
Q

How successfully did HVII strengthen local government?

A
  • Content with relying on the gentry and nobility as long as they carried out his wishes, developed office of Justice of Peace and caused loyalty to be more assured through choosing men from second rank of landowners, JP gave social prestige and status
  • Had to rely on the support of the gentry and nobility, local officials reluctant to act as it made them unpopular, local offices frequently left unfilled through fear of being killed, heavily dependent on unpaid officials and goodwill
  • Partially successful, as became stronger with JPs but still reliant
45
Q

How successfully did HVII strengthen Parliament?

A
  • Used to help establish and uphold law and order, brief meetings so he remained unquestioned, didn’t need to meet much as didn’t need to raise money
  • A very limited role (only met seven times), role as a court of law fulfilled by other courts
  • Not very successful as generally had little power and little use - role fulfilled by other courts and there was no need to raise much money
46
Q

What is some evidence to suggest that HVII successfully exploited his financial resources?

A
  • Maximised income from existing lands and increase the amount of land he held through the 1486 Act of Resumption, as well as the seizure of lands from those attainted
  • Income from crown lands rose from £29,000 to £42,000 by 1509
  • Able to exploit profits from justice effectively, e.g often punished with fines rather than imprisonment
  • Income from feudal dues rose dramatically - fully exploited income from wardship, marriage, livery and fine of ‘relief’
  • Careful not to ask parliament for money except in exceptional circumstances as taxation unpopular (meant popularity and gained money when needed)
  • Able to raise money from Church - from contributions, selling church offices, left bishoprics vacant to obtain revenue
  • Feudal aid used to increase income, e.g knighting Arthur, marriage of daughter, French pension
  • Crown income rose to £113,000 per year and restored solvency of the crown
47
Q

What is some evidence to suggest that HVII failed to exploit his financial resources?

A
  • To avoid antagonising the nobility, did not take back all the lands he was entitled to
  • Custom duties from £70,000 to £40,000 as smuggling a problem, trade relied heavily on the relationship between European powers, which he was not able to control
  • Amounts collected from parliament varied and did not bring in the amount they should have, so never successfully tapped the wealth of the country
  • Wealthy subjects’ loans brought in £203,000, but had to be repaid
  • Benevolences could only be used so much before provoking unrest
  • Spent money in order to maintain lavish court, meaning not all money was saved or kept
  • Exploited some methods to excess and by the end of the reign had alienated nobility to such an extent that they would challenge authority
  • Very small income compared to French king, whose income was about £800,000 per year
48
Q

In what ways did HVII reduce the power of the nobility?

A
  • Order of the Garter
  • King’s or Great Council
  • Bonds and Recognisances
  • Acts of Attainder
  • Limiting of retainers
  • Feudal rights
  • Restoration of crown lands

AS Tudors (5 decks)

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