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AS Tudors > Edward VI and Mary I > Flashcards

Edward VI and Mary I Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Protector Somerset?

A
  • 1547-49
  • Earl of Hertford/Edward Seymour
  • Lord Protector
  • reputation changed from ‘Good Duke’ with genuine concern for Protestant faith to an arrogant man whose poor policies brought country close to ruin
  • to some extent, faced an impossible task as could make laws in king’s name but never more than a caretaker, had to deal with weak inheritance and problems
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2
Q

Describe the Duke of Northumberland?

A
  • 1549-53
  • Earl of Warwick/John Dudley
  • given title by Edward in 1549 after Somerset removed
  • named Lord President of the Council
  • did not have personal authority and had to govern through authority of the Privy Council - supporters though more willing to listen to advice
  • still signs of unrest so pursued different policies
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3
Q

What is evidence to suggest that having a minor on the throne was a problem?

A
  • Third Succession Act named both Mary and Elizabeth as heirs when before, not able to inherit
  • concerns over image, so attempts had to be made to give Edward a royal appearance through propaganda, to make appear strong despite being a child
  • other examples of minors had disastrous reigns, e.g Henry III, Richard II, Henry VI, Edward V
  • though minor could cause instability as could not lead troops into war, weakness could be exploited both domestically and internationally
  • threat of returning to civil war, especially if factional struggles continued
  • Henry’s will not heeded with Somerset as Lord Protector
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4
Q

What is evidence to suggest that having a minor on the throne was not a problem?

A
  • not a sickly child when came to the throne, expected he would reach adulthood, marry and have an heir
  • some say having a Protector better than the regency council as if all members had equal voices, decisions would be unlikely, and it could encourage more factional unrest
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5
Q

What is an overview of Somerset’s religious policy?

A
  • moderate Protestant
  • majority of bishops and clergy more conservative than reformers so proceeded with caution
  • no real sense of direction
  • old traditional practices attacked and destroyed, leading to unrest
  • little evidence of putting in place a fully reformed church
  • so disliked by both Catholics and Protestants
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6
Q

What changes in religious policy did Somerset make?

A

Repealed Treason Act and destroyed Act of Six Articles
1547 - Book of Homilies
1547 - Chantries Act
1548 - Proclamations demanding removal of images and ending of ceremonies deemed superstitious
1549 - English Prayer Book

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7
Q

Describe Somerset’s 1547 Book of Homilies?

A
  • published by Cranmer to help priests unused to preaching
  • highlighted difficulties reformers had in spreading Protestant ideas
  • apart from publishing Bible in English, more clergy remained essentially Catholic, following Act of Six Articles
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8
Q

Describe Somerset’s 1547 Chantries Act?

A
  • attack on superstition and Purgatory
  • more visible than monasteries as built in towns
  • already earmarked for closure under Henry due to demand for money because of foreign policy
  • displays Somerset’s major mistake was continuing war
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9
Q

Describe Somerset’s 1549 English Prayer Book?

A
  • modern interpretation of Eucharist was ambiguous, allowed transubstantiation to be approved
  • therefore disliked by Protestants
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10
Q

What changes in religious policy did Northumberland make?

A

1550 - Ordinal stressing role of clergy is to preach as opposed to rituals and ceremonies
1552 - Second prayer book
1553 - 42 Articles of Religion
Lay control of the Church, so clergy and laity no longer different
Confiscation of Church property

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11
Q

Describe Northumberland’s 1552 second prayer book?

A
  • more protestant than the first
  • moving of altars official
  • mass abolished and replaced with communion, wording stressed was a memorial service
  • vestments abolished
  • but did not repeal predecessor, unclear how many parishes used in, introduced via parliament not Convocation
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12
Q

Describe Northumberland’s 1553 42 Articles of Religion?

A
  • issued by Cranmer, all protestant ideas
  • included John Calvin’s idea of predestination
  • Article 5 - centrality of Bible in matters of doctrine, salvation and ceremony
  • Article 42 - ‘faith only in Jesus Christ’, not by good works
  • Article 17 - predestination - God already chosen who would be saved
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13
Q

What is evidence to suggest that England was Protestant when Edward died?

A
  • Edward, Cranmer, Somerset and Northumberland all Protestant
  • England not Catholic because of break with Rome
  • many changes in religion, making England Protestant in terms of doctrine
  • English Bibles in every parish church and focus on laity
  • less money spent on church goods
  • chantries dissolved
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14
Q

What is evidence to suggest that England was not fully Protestant when Edward died?

A
  • in 1547, essentially Catholic in doctrine and only 20% Londoners Protestant
  • religious changes gradual, due to concern
  • hostility from Catholic power abroad meant limited reform
  • radical changes not enforced for long, so limited impact
  • opposition to religious change, particularly further from London
  • both Somerset and Northumberland not king, and both overthrown, so couldn’t make massive changes
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15
Q

What were the main causes of the economic problems in the 1940s?

A
  • long term - rising population

- short term - debasement of coinage, enclosure

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16
Q

What socio-economic reforms did Somerset make?

A

1547 - Chantries Act - commissioners sent to confiscate the land, property, and collect all gold and silver plate attached to them, but added coinage meant increased inflation
1547 - Vagrancy Act - any able-bodied person out of work for more than three days was to be sold into slavery for two years, and further offences punished by permanent slavery, widely unpopular and many authorities refused to enforce
Enclosures - proclamations issued against enclosures and commissioners sent out to investigate abuses, hopes raised in the masses but no decisive action, plus fear from landed elites so unpopular with both

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17
Q

What socio-economic reforms did Northumberland make?

A

Ended war - reduced expenditure
1551 - final debasement of coinage, inflation rose further, could pay immediate expenses but further money had to be borrowed
1552 - coinage re-issued, helped to slow inflation, restored confidence in sterling, most of overseas debts liquidates
Sold crown lands - caused long term problems
Vagrancy Act and sheep tax repealed, dispelling unrest
New Treason Act - restored censorship, gave authorities more power to enforce law and order

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18
Q

Out of Somerset and Northumberland, whose socio-economic reforms were more successful?

A

Northumberland’s - a more positive approach, while didn’t solve underlying economic problems, checked inflation and eased some social distress

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19
Q

What were the two significant rebellions against Somerset?

A

1549 - Western Rebellion

1549 - Kett’s Rebellion

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20
Q

What were the causes of the 1549 Western Rebellion?

A
  • Religious changes - many were not happy with the new doctrine, unhappy with the removal of images of Catholicism and the new prayers books and mass
  • Economic factors - sheep and cloth tax
  • Tensions with the gentry - rebels shouted ‘kill the gentleman!’, exploitation of the peasantry by the gentry who gained from enclosure and dissolution of the monasteries
21
Q

How did the government respond to the 1549 Western Rebellion?

A
  • Somerset only had limited resources (due to the amount of troops in Scotland at the time), and sent Lord Russel to settle it peacefully 8 days after the breakout
  • lack of help from the gentry and due to Somerset’s small army, broken down almost a month after the rebellion began
  • did not act quickly enough
22
Q

What were the causes of the 1549 Kett’s Rebellion?

A
  • Agricultural demands - gentry manipulation of foldcourse system, enclosure
  • Economic grievances - collapse of cloth industry meant unemployment high, rising rents, inflation
  • Religious grievances - demands more Protestant, brought in ministers who would preach and use new Prayer Book
  • Social grievances - attacked nobles and gentry and landlords, running of local government
23
Q

How did the government respond to the 1549 Kett’s Rebellion?

A
  • Somerset set an army of 1800, but unable to stop with them
  • Northumberland (Earl of Warwick at the time) led the professional army of 12000 which broke the resistance
  • 3000 rebels killed and Kett arrested and hung
24
Q

What is some evidence to suggest that the 1549 Western Rebellion was a serious threat?

A
  • Number of battles needed to defeat the rebels
  • Others rebellions happening, Edward a minor
  • Aggressive demanda
  • Over 3000 rebels killed
  • Invasion from France
  • Troops had to be brought back from Scotland
25
Q

What is some evidence to suggest that the 1549 Western Rebellion was not a serious threat?

A
  • Did not aim to remove Edward
  • Did not advance on London
  • Rebels failed to take regional capital, Exeter
  • Lack of support from nobles or gentry
  • Failed to cooperate with other risings
26
Q

What is some evidence to suggest that the 1549 Kett’s Rebellion was a serious threat?

A
  • Government resources stretched
  • Defeated Northampton and took Norwich
  • Large number of rebels (16000)
  • Over 3000 rebels killed
  • Invasion from France
  • Troops brought back from Scotland
27
Q

What is some evidence to suggest that the 1549 Kett’s Rebellion was not a serious threat?

A
  • Did not aim to remove monarch
  • Did not march on London
  • Rebels established camps, largely run in an orderly fashion
  • Lack of support from nobility or gentry
28
Q

What factors led to the fall of Somerset?

A
  • unsuccessful policies
  • rebellions
  • anti-Somerset faction - Warwick, Paget and Wriothesley
  • his retreat to Hampton Court
29
Q

How did Somerset fall?

A
  • retreated to Hampton Court with Edward
  • Edward fell ill and complained of cold surroundings, so claimed he was a prisoner
  • Somerset could not contradict king and was arrested
30
Q

How did Warwick/Northumberland rise to power?

A
  • brought in own allies and removed opponents so Council had a Protestant majority
  • rumours of a Catholic plot to remove Warwick with argument a friend of Somerset, seized opportunity and said any who attacked Somerset also attacked him so leading Catholic members of Council dismissed
  • placed own supporters in important positions around Edward to secure position
  • attempted reconciliation with Somerset, but he continued to plot and this led to his execution (tho some evidence to suggest some accusations fabricated in order to justify execution)
31
Q

How did Northumberland fall?

A
  • Altering the ‘Devise for the Succession’
  • After Edward’s death, Mary proclaimed herself queen, behaving as the rightful monarch and made it clear that any against her were opposing the legitimate ruler
  • Northumberland lost advantage and had to leave London to confront the challenge
  • Many deserted him and forced to abandon march, proclaiming Mary queen
  • arrested and executed
32
Q

What is evidence to suggest that Northumberland was behind the change in succession?

A
  • marriage of his son, Guildford Dudley, to Lady Jane Grey, to help preserve his power
33
Q

What is evidence to suggest that Edward was behind the change in succession?

A
  • committed to Protestantism
  • plot poorly managed
  • Northumberland had dismissed professional force in 1552
  • had not ensured Mary was captured and unable to raise forces
  • no propaganda campaign to prepare nation for change in succession
34
Q

What is evidence to suggest that having a female monarch was a problem?

A
  • the only time before (with Matilda) had resulted in civil war
  • a woman would be unable to control faction
  • a woman would be unable to lead an army into battle
  • a woman was expected to marry - led to two problems, who she would marry and the belief she should be subservient to her husband
  • if she married an Englishman, it would increase the power of her husband’s family who would dominate court
  • if she married a foreigner the country would be dominated by foreigners
  • when married Philip, needed a treaty to be drawn up
35
Q

What is evidence to suggest that having a female monarch was not a problem?

A
  • Edward named Lady Jane Grey in the Devise, suggesting religion more of an issue
  • Mary was supported by the country, as legitimacy was more important
  • Her skill that defeated Wyatt’s Rebellion, showing female rule was also able to preserve the monarchy
36
Q

What were the problems with the Spanish marriage in 1554?

A
  • English opinion very hostile - a factor that caused Wyatt’s rebellion
  • Needed a treaty to be drawn up; Philip was to be given title of king but no power, foreigners would not be entitled to English offices, Philip had no claim to throne, England would not be obliged to help in war
  • Main English supporter, Paget, had fallen into disfavour
  • Mary failed to get pregnant so at a basic level failed
  • Despite treaty, England dragged into dynasty dispute against France
  • New Pope was pro-France, devoutly Catholic Mary on hostile terms with papacy
37
Q

Why did Mary go to war with France?

A
  • pressure from Philip
  • long-standing traditional enemy
  • France tolerating exiled English Protestants
  • rumours Henry II wished to recapture Calais, so protecting interests in France
38
Q

How significant was Mary’s loss of Calais?

A
  • Economically - loss of trade, but traditional markets already in decline
  • Image and moral - in short term a blow, but in long term -
    Protestant propagandists made it last longer
  • Territorially - was only territory in France, but expensive to maintain and the French would have got it back at some point
  • Militarily - lost springboard to launch an attack, but expensive to garrison and became a burden as another frontier to defend
  • Diplomatically - represents that failure of the alliance with the Habsburgs, but Mary died

So, realistically not that significant a loss, but represented failure of her marriage and the Spanish alliance, and helped Elizabethan propagandists to portray her reign as a complete failure

39
Q

What is some evidence to suggest that Mary’s domestic reforms were effective?

A
  • the establishment of committees in 1554 which excluded the casual councillors
  • the establishment of an ‘Inner Council’ in 1554
  • Philip’s departure in 1555 and the death of Gardiner allowed Paget to establish a conciliar form of government
40
Q

What is some evidence to suggest that Mary’s domestic reforms were not effective?

A
  • divisions in the Privy Council and clashes between Paget and Gardiner
  • size of the Council meant it was ineffective
41
Q

What is some evidence to suggest that the monarchy was unstable from 1547-58?

A
  • Somerset seized power through manipulating Henry’s will
  • government changed under Somerset so it was run through his household
  • the rebellion of 1549 resulted in the political elite abandoning their support of the government
  • Somerset’s overthrow in 1549 created instability
  • the struggle for power between Northumberland and the Catholic faction
  • Lady Jane Grey affair resulted in the raising of armed forces
  • Wyatt came close to toppling Mary
42
Q

What is some evidence to suggest that the monarchy was stable from 1547-58?

A
  • legitimate monarch always triumphed
  • crown passed peacefully from Henry to Edward and from Mary to Elizabeth
  • even during factional struggles, government continued
  • Henry’s will was upheld
  • Somerset’s attempted coup was short-lived
  • Lady Jane Grey was only queen for nine days
  • ruling elite supported the rightful monarch
43
Q

What were Mary’s religious aims?

A
  • undo the religious changes made since 1529
  • restore papal authority
  • restore traditional Catholic practices and belief in transubstantiation
  • re-establish dissolved religious houses
  • end clerical marriages and restore the status of priests
  • secure a long-term future for Catholicism by marrying and having children
  • persecute those who did not agree with her views
44
Q

How did Mary use persecution to achieve her religious aims?

A
  • Protestant clergy deprived of their living things
  • Arrest of Archbishop Cranmer
  • Imprisonment of leading Protestants, e.g Latimer, Ridley, Hoopers, Rogers
  • 1554 Royal Injunctions - suppress heresy and deprived married priests of livings
  • Burnings on the stake - around 300 in total
  • Heresy laws restored
  • Trials and executions of those who would not accept Catholic belief and transubstantiation
45
Q

What were the effects of Mary’s religious persecution?

A
  • Public spectacles led to fear - were a warning
  • Public shift towards Catholicism
  • Exodus of Protestants in 1554 (around 800 left)
  • Protestant opponents removed
  • Counter-productive - exploited by Protestants, showed her to be harsh/cruel/intolerant, creation of matyrs
46
Q

How did Mary use persuasion to achieve her religious aims?

A
  • Act of Repeal - removed Edwardian reformation and returned to religious situation of 1547 under the Act of Six Articles
  • Gave up title of Supreme Head of Church
  • Cardinal Pole returned to England - would eventually become Archbishop of Canterbury and papal legate
  • Twelve Decrees issued on clerical discipline
  • Censorship - proclamations forbade the printing of certain works
  • Several Acts made slander of Mary and Philip punishable by treason
47
Q

What were the causes of Wyatt’s Rebellion in 1554?

A
  • the Spanish marriage - appeal to nationalism and xenophobia, fear foreigners would dominate court and drag into war
  • religion - rebels strongly Protestant, no prominent Catholic members, attacked property of Gardiner when reached London (but before many of Mary’s religious changes)
  • economic - decline in clothes industry, rising unemployment (but can’t argue with complete certainty)
  • factional - leaders of rising held prominent positions in Edwardian regime, a way to maintain their influence
48
Q

How significant was Wyatt’s rebellion in 1554?

A
  • although Protestants a minority, religious opinions could not be ignored
  • demonstrated extent of suspicion of proposed Spanish marriage
  • Wyatt close to success - came close to securing the city of London
  • succeeded in taking the city - Mary’s reign could have come to an end
  • but she behaved bravely as well as the council and succeeded in ending the rebellion

AS Tudors (5 decks)

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