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AS Tudors > Henry VIII 1529 - 1547 > Flashcards

Henry VIII 1529 - 1547 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the traditional view of what the Church was like in pre-Reformation England?

A
  • the Reformation happened because a reform was needed
  • there was a variety of abuses and lacked spirituality
  • Church must have been unpopular for the Reformation to take place
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2
Q

What is the revisionist view of what the Church was like in pre-Reformation England?

A
  • Church was thriving and the Pope was not unpopular
  • Most clergy were respected at a local level
  • Lots of people becoming priests (Ordination)
  • Had problems, but didn’t mean the Church was universally unpopular or on the verge of collapse
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3
Q

What were the problems with the Church in pre-Reformation England?

A
  • poorly educated priests
  • clerical abuses, e.g simony (buying and selling offices)
  • pluralism (holding more than one office), e.g Wolsey
  • absenteeism (Wolsey did not visit York until 1529)
  • nepotism (passing on wealth to children)
  • monks and nuns - remote, wealthy and morally lax
  • benefit of clergy meant immunity from prosecution, e.g 1514 Hunne Case
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4
Q

How did Parliament reform religion in England from 1533-1535?

A

1533 - Act in Restraint of Appeals - prevented appeals to the Pope, and Pope could not interfere
1534 - Act of the Submission of the Clergy - gave king control of Convocation, prevented Church contact with Rome
1434 - Act of Succession - ended Catherine’s claim to be Henry’s wife, made Mary illegitimate, marriage to Anne declared legal and treasonous to criticise
1534 - Act in Restraint of Annates and Dispensations Act - stopped all payments to Rome
1534 - Act of Supremacy - Henry had control of the Church, including matters of doctrine and beliefs
1534 - Treason Act - crime to criticise changes, marriage and succession

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5
Q

How was religion in England reformed from 1536-1539?

A

1536 - Act of the Dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries
1536 - Act of Ten Articles - rejected 4 out of the 7 sacraments of Catholic belief, confirmed only baptism, Eucharist and penance
1537 - Matthew’s Bible - a Protestant version
1538 - Royal Injunctions - ordered English Bible to be present in all parishes, discouraged pilgrimages, ordered removal of relics
1539 - Publication of the Great Bible
1539 - Dissolution of the Greater Monasteries

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6
Q

How was religion in England reformed from 1539-1543?

A

1539 - Act of Six Articles - confirmed transubstantiation, forbade taking communion of both kinds
1540 - Fall and Execution of Cromwell - one charge his religion
1540 - Marriage to Catherine Howard - daughter of Catholic Duke of Norfolk
1543 - Act for the Advancement of True Religion - restricted access to Bible to upper classes, but still allowed English Bible
1543 - King’s Book - defended transubstantiation, encouraged reformed belief in preaching, attacked images

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7
Q

How was religion in England reformed from 1544-1547?

A

1544 - Introduction of English litany - replaced Catholic use of Latin, priests did not have to use
1545 - Act dissolving Chantries - not enforced by time of Henry’s death, but represented attack on Catholic belief of purgatory
1546 - Regency Council Established - significant number of supporters of Protestantism
1546 - Anne Askew executed - for denying transubstantiation
1546 - Reformists controlled Will - authorised using dry stamp, controlled by Reformist John Denny, Regency Council now a majority of reformers

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8
Q

What were the political causes for the dissolution of the monasteries?

A
  • appointment of Thomas Cromwell, a protestant
  • sale of monastic lands would tie purchasers to the new order
  • Henry felt it would be an affront to his ‘Imperial Kingship’ if institutions could hold allegiances outside England
  • Henry’s first Poor Law (1535) meant charitable role of monasteries no longer important as JPs controlling the situation
  • dissolution was the only sure way of preventing a monastic rebellion
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9
Q

What were the religious abuses that caused the dissolution of the monasteries?

A
  • blood of Christ as the Cistercian Abbey of Hailes was declared to be honey and saffron
  • the ‘Black Book’ suggest 2/3s were filled with ‘abominable living’
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10
Q

What were the financial needs that caused the dissolution of the monasteries?

A
  • there was a need to build up funds for war, as there was a possibility of the Pope launching a crusade against England
  • monasteries owned 1/4 of all of England’s cultivated land
  • monasteries had an income 10x that of the crown, as revealed by the Valor Ecclesiasticus
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11
Q

What monasteries did Wolsey dissolve and how did this differ from Cromwell?

A
  • 29 small monasteries that were ‘decayed’

- all carried out legally and with Papal permission

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12
Q

What was the Valor Ecclesiasticus?

A
  • in 1535
  • an attempt to make a record of all the property owned by the Church in England and Wales
  • carried out by unpaid commissioners (mainly local gentry)
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13
Q

Describe the dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries in 1536?

A
  • Act passed stating all monasteries with an annual income of less than £200 should be dissolved and property would pass to crown
  • just under 300 monasteries fell in this category
  • monasteries quickly stripped of their land and wealthy goods by commissioners (though sometimes stripped before commissioners had arrived)
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14
Q

Describe the dissolution of the Greater Monasteries from 1538-40?

A
  • the head of all houses involved with the Pilgrimage of Grace declared a traitor under an act of attainder passed by parliament
  • the possessions of these houses were passed to the king
  • by 1540, all remaining monasteries gone under same process as with Lesser Monasteries but without the preceding Act
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15
Q

What were the effects of the dissolution of the monasteries?

A
  • wealth of the church reduced by 25%
  • crown gained about £1.3 million
  • Court of Courtenays set up in 1536 to deal with flood of money
  • Henry received a lot of land, but had to sell £800,000 worth to deal with French and Scottish wars
  • church lost 9000 clerics and 69 Abbots from the House of Lords
  • little social/humanitarian damage as only 1500 out of 8000 monks and friars unable to find other employment in the Catholic Church
  • Henry left about half of the additional wealth he had acquired when he died
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16
Q

What rebellions were there against HVIII in the second half of his reign?

A

October 1536 - Lincolnshire Rising
Jan-Feb 1537 - Cumberland Rising
Oct-Dec 1536 - Pilgrimage of Grace

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17
Q

Describe the Lincolnshire Rising in October 1536?

A
  • caused by poor harvest, general unrest (e.g high taxes), rumours about churches being attacked
  • Heneage, Cromwell’s investigator, tried to take an inventory of a local church
  • Melton tried to stop him and 10,000 congregated to help
  • gentry, priests and monks took control and wrote up list of demands
  • Hussey and Suffolk quickly put rebellion down (even though Hussey supported Mary)
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18
Q

Describe the Cumberland Rising in Jan-Feb 1537?

A
  • led by Francis Bigod (who was Protestant, but religion not the cause)
  • Bigod captured, but rebels still continued
  • 178 hanged, including Aske, Bigod, and Hussey
  • an excuse to get rid of the leaders from the Pilgrimage of Grace
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19
Q

What were the events in the Pilgrimage of Grace in Oct-Dec 1536?

A
  • Aske marched with 30,000 others under the banner of the 5 Wounds of Christ
  • wrote up the York Articles
  • Darcy surrendered Pontefract Castle to the rebels
  • Norfolk sent to fight the rebellion, took the York Articles back
  • Henry called for clarification, so Pontefract Articles written
  • Henry agreed to them, and pardoned rebels (but did not keep his word)
20
Q

What were the grievances that causes the Pilgrimage of Grace in Oct-Feb 1536?

A
  • caused by dissolution of the monasteries, socio-economic
  • angry at Cromwell, Cranmer, the dissolution, taxes, farming and enclosures
  • called for removal of evil councillors, restoration of the old faith and the protection of the monasteries in the York Articles
21
Q

Why was the Pilgrimage of Grace so dangerous?

A
  • Well-organised
  • A lot of people
  • Many had experience with fighting
22
Q

Other than the Pilgrimage of Grace, what other opposition to religious change did HVIII face?

A
  • Sir Thomas More resigned as Lord Chancellor and refused to swear Oath of Supremacy, was executed
  • John Fisher refused to swear Oath of Supremacy, was executed
  • Carthusian monks and Franciscan friars disagreed with break from Rome so resisted changes, so houses were closed, some imprisoned and executed, other died of starvation rather than surrendering
  • Elizabeth Barton opposed the divorce and prophesied Henry would lose the throne, was executed
23
Q

What legal and social evidence suggests that England was Catholic in 1547?

A
  • National Protestant numbers low
  • Act of 6 Articles
  • Legally not Protestant
  • Transubstantiation upheld by Henry
  • Catherine Howard was Catholic
  • Wills still had Catholic wording
24
Q

What legal and social evidence suggests that England was not Catholic in 1547?

A
  • Statutes 1536-47 suggest Protestantism
  • Anne of Cleves and Catherine Parr were Protestant
  • Decline in the number coming forward for Ordination
25
Q

What doctrinal evidence suggests that England was Catholic in 1547?

A
  • Laity took Communion in one kind, Priest in both kinds
  • Transubstantiation
  • Clerical celibacy
  • All sacraments had been restored
  • Indulgences had been kept
26
Q

What doctrinal evidence suggests that England was not Catholic in 1547?

A
  • No monasteries
  • Pilgrimages forbidden
  • Prayers and responses were in English
  • Bible had been published in English
  • Images were prohibited
27
Q

How did Cromwell rise to power?

A
  • rose from lowly background (Putney) to become merchant and a lawyer
  • spent time in Europe and developed Protestant beliefs
  • advisor to Wolsey - helped with dissolution of 29 monasteries
  • survived Wolsey’s fall and grew powerful as a minister of Henry
  • had many roles in government and was immensely powerful
  • key player in the Boleyn faction’s downfall
28
Q

How did Cromwell make England more Protestant?

A
  • a key player in the English Reformation and creation of Royal Supremacy
  • put pressure on Bishops to agree to publication of Bible in English
  • issued the Royal Injunctions
  • supervised dissolution of the monasteries
  • used parliament
29
Q

What factors led to the fall of Cromwell?

A
  • Anne of Cleves marriage
  • Factionalism
  • Protestantism
30
Q

How did the Anne of Cleves marriage lead to Cromwell’s fall?

A
  • in 1539, persuaded Henry to marry Anne of Cleves from small, Protestant German state (success for Reform faction)
  • fears of Catholic crusade after Reformation (and Habsburg-Valois peace)
  • Cromwell stressed need for alliance with Protestant states
  • however, when arrived Henry found her to be a ‘Flanders mare’, did not consummate the marriage and quickly divorced
  • renewed Habsburg-Valois hostilities made marriage unnecessary
  • although, even after Cleves divorce, still seemed to favour Cromwell by appoint Earl of Essex, implying didn’t plan on removing him
31
Q

How did factionalism lead to Cromwell’s fall?

A
  • conservative faction drew Henry towards them by using Catherine Howard (Norfolk’s niece)
  • meant Henry was more influenced by them and believed what he was told about Cromwell - that he was planning a full Protestant Reformation
  • Henry was persuaded to pass an Attainder and Cromwell was executed on the same day he married Catherine Howard
  • shows a shift towards the conservative faction and their seemingly growing power
32
Q

How did HVIII leave the succession?

A

1544 Succession Act - stated after Henry died the crown would go to Edward and his heirs, then Mary and her heirs, then Elizabeth

33
Q

Describe what happened with HVIII’s Will?

A
  • written towards the end of 1546
  • wasn’t signed by Henry but by dry stamp controlled by Reformist, Denny
  • Denny and Paget both had access to the king meaning they could control what faction had access to the king
  • meant Regency Council mostly Reformist
34
Q

What encouraged factionalism towards the end of HVIII’s reign?

A
  • not having a chief advisor
  • deteriorating health
  • less of control over nobility
35
Q

What were the two factions during the latter part of HVIII’s reign?

A
  • Conservatives - led by Norfolk and Gardiner, accepted break with Rome but opposed doctrinal changes, led plots against Cranmer and Catherine Parr
  • Reformers - led by Seymour and Cranmer, accepted the break with Rome, wanted doctrinal change, influential in policy with Scotland, the fall of Catherine Howard, and the plot against Gardiner
36
Q

What is evidence to suggest that HVIII was successful in controlling factionalism?

A
  • Not manipulated by conservative plots against Cranmer and Catherine Parr
  • Can be argued he encouraged factionalism as enjoyed having attention fought over
  • Prevented one faction from dominating courts, and encouraged discussion of important matters
  • Created balanced Regency Council
37
Q

What is evidence to suggest that HVIII was not successful in controlling factionalism?

A
  • influenced by plots against Cromwell, Gardiner and Catherine Howard
  • fall of conservative faction in the last year as unable to maintain balance in court
  • Denny, Paget and dry stamp meant Regency Council unbalanced
  • caused him to sway in his policies
38
Q

How does HVIII’s treatment of the plot against Catherine Parr demonstrate he was successful in controlling factionalism?

A
  • Parr dangerous to conservatives as a reformer close to the king
  • 1543 - Henry gave consent to Gardiner for her arrest, as annoyed with her debating of religion
  • Catherine insisted she could never instruct the king on his religion
  • Henry accepted this and dropped the arrest charges, but didn’t tell plotters
  • When the Lord Chancellor arrived with soldiers to arrest the queen, the king attacked him
  • Showed not going to be manipulated by factions
39
Q

How does HVIII’s treatment of the plot against Cranmer demonstrate he was successful in controlling factionalism?

A
  • Cromwell’s fall left Cranmer isolated and susceptible to attack, conservatives wanted him arrested on grounds of heresy
  • launched plot against him, was brought before Henry
  • Henry ordered Cranmer to investigate the charges himself, dropped due to lack of evidence
  • showed in full control, able to protect a loyal servant and not manipulated by faction
  • court depended on his will
40
Q

How did the conservative faction fall?

A
  • Removal of Gardiner - involved in the Parr plot, refusal to grant some of his lands to the king (a minor issue, showing rise of reformers)
  • Execution of Surrey (Norfolk’s son) - suggested that through ancestor, Edward I, had claim to the throne, put part of royal coat of arms on family shield, caused panic due to succession of a minor so arrested and executed
  • Arrest of Norfolk - on same charges as Surrey, sheer luck that Henry died before could order execution
41
Q

What were HVIII’s foreign policy aims in the 1540s?

A
  • unite Britain
  • claim the French throne
  • improve relations with Scotland
  • military glory
  • to be a major player in Europe
42
Q

Describe HVIII’s foreign policy against Scotland from 1540-47?

A

1541 - Margaret died, tried to improve relations with James V but he did not attend the meeting, so Duke of Norfolk led army on raid across Scottish border
1542 - Battle of Solway Moss, 10,000 Scottish men routed by 3000 English, led to capture of leading Scottish nobles, shortly after James V died and Mary Queen of Scots took throne at 6 days old
1543 - Treaties of Greenwich called for peace and arranged marriage between Mary and Edward, but Scottish parliament rejected
1544 - Earl of Hertford (Seymour) led expedition into Scotland which resulted in the burning of Edinburgh, devastation of Lowlands and strengthened ant-English feeling

43
Q

Describe HVIII’s foreign policy against France from 1540-47?

A

1542 - came to deal with Charles V that would have a joint invasion of France the following year
1544 - army of 40,000 went to Calais, Boulogne surrendered, 4 days later entered cities and began to strengthen fortifications
1544 - Charles made peace with France on same day, Henry now alone in war, started negotiating peace settlement
1546 - Treaty of Ardes signed, Henry could keep Boulogne for next 8 years, would be given back to French in return for £600,000 and France promised to resume pension of £35,000 a year

44
Q

Evidence to suggest HVIII was successful in his foreign policy 1540-47?

A
  • seen as a warrior king until the end
  • had captured Boulogne
  • surprising win at Solway Moss led to Scotland being ruled by a minor
45
Q

Evidence to suggest HVIII was unsuccessful in his foreign policy 1540-47?

A
  • had spent £2 million on foreign policy for little gain
  • expense had to be covered by coin debasement and taxation, so currency now regarded with suspicion
  • Henry received very little for Boulogne for the amount he had spent on fortification
  • James V didn’t come to meeting, showing he didn’t think Henry was a major player
  • uncertain diplomatic situation when died, uneasy peace with France and Scotland undermined by renewed Auld Alliance, danger of attack from both north and south
  • Edward VI, a minor, could be exploited by the two main continental powers to strengthen their positions
46
Q

What problems did HVIII hand over to Edward VI?

A
  • enclosure - leading to less jobs, more vagrancy
  • resentment of government influence, e.g religion
  • rise in population - pressure on food supply, jobs and rents, contributed to inflation
  • financial - over-ambitious foreign policy that was disastrously expensive, resulted in coin debasement and sale of crown lands
  • gathering pace of religious debate
  • an uncertain political situation

AS Tudors (5 decks)

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