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Bio Eng Quiz 2 > How Cells Work (Central Dogma) pt. 3 > Flashcards

How Cells Work (Central Dogma) pt. 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

These intermediates are replaced by anaplerotic reactions

A

Replenishing intermediates

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2
Q

Cells can also fix ________ to replace _______ (______________ fixation)

A
  1. carbon dioxide
  2. intermediates
  3. heterotrophic carbon dioxide
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3
Q

TCA cycle intermediates can be ________ for biosynthesis

A

funneled off

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4
Q

Anaerobic respiration can occur by using _____ as a ____________ in the ETC.

A
  1. nitrate
  2. terminal electron acceptor
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5
Q

Many cells can also generate energy without the _____, but with a ________.

A
  1. ETC
  2. lower efficiency
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6
Q

In _____________, no net oxidation or reduction since electron transport chain is not available to produce NAD+ required in TCA cycle.

A

Alcohol and Lactate Formation

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7
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway generates ______ (______________) and __________ (make up ATP, ____,
______, others).

A
  1. NADPH
  2. reducing power for biosynthesis
  3. 5 carbon sugars
  4. RNA
  5. DNA
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8
Q

Cell growth is characterized by?

A

specific growth rate, μ

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9
Q

Cells + _____ –> ______ + new cells + _______

A
  1. substrate
  2. extracellular products
  3. original cells
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10
Q

Cell concentration can be measured _______________.

A

directly and/or indirectly.

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11
Q

Measuring cell concentration: mass or cell number basis

A

Direct

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12
Q

Cell number counting: __________, ______counts and ______counts.

A
  1. hemocytometer
  2. plate
  3. particle
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13
Q

Counting Cells: Hemocytometer

Advantage: accurate, typically_________.
Disadvantage: time consuming, _________, _________.

A
  1. low noise in measurement
  2. carcinogenic
  3. mutagenic stains.
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14
Q

Counting Cells: ______________

Advantage: _________, fairly accurate
Disadvantage: noisy, ________.

A
  1. Plate counts
  2. counts viable cells
  3. takes days
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15
Q

Counting Cells: Particle ________

Advantages: very quick, obtain a ____________ to a count.
Disadvantages: solutions must be _________________, ________hardware, expensive, complicated.

A
  1. Counters
  2. size distribution in addition
  3. particle free for accurate count
  4. finicky
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16
Q

______________: count colonies (CFUs = colony forming units) formed by individual cells (dilute sample).

A

petri dish or dilution plate counts

17
Q

Most common units to report biomass.

A

Mass concentration

18
Q

Mass concentration can be obtained by _________, _________, and ____________.

A

centrifuging sample, drying and weighing

19
Q

_________________

Advantages: _____________ is typical variable in models, simple, low tech method.
Disadvantages: Presence of solids makes inaccurate, ______________.

A

1 and 2. Mass concentration
3. difficult to measure low biomass
concentrations.

20
Q

Indirect Concentration Measurements
- _____________ (most common).
- ____________ or product evolution.
- ____________/ATP fluorescence.
- Protein or _______________.

A
  • Turbidometer or spectrophotometer
  • Substrate uptake
  • Luciferin
  • DNA/RNA concentration measurements
21
Q

____________ is the measure of the amount of light that passes through a turbid sample

A

Optical density

22
Q

Biomass is often measured in ____ and _________ with a standard curve

A

OD and converted to mass per volume

23
Q

Batch Cultures
- Fixed amount of ____________ present at beginning.
- Batch is seeded with an _________ (small amount of live cells to start growth).

A
  1. substrate (growth medium)
  2. innoculum
24
Q

5 Phases of Growth

A
  1. Lag
  2. Exponential
  3. Deceleration
  4. Stationary
  5. Death
25
Q

Lag Phase

  • Growth is suppressed, __________.
  • Innoculum should be _________and from __________.
  • Multiple lag phases can exist with _________________.
A
  1. duration 1-10 hours.
  2. 5 volume % , exponential phase culture
  3. multiple growth substrates (diauxic growth).
26
Q

Exponential Growth Phase

  • Growth is ________ (intercellular concentrations ___________)
  • __________ on substrate concentration (growing at intrinsic maximum growth rate).
  • Growth rate is ____________ , 0th order with respect to substrate
    concentration.
A
  1. balanced, remain constant
  2. No dependence
  3. 1st order with respect to cell concentration,
27
Q

Changes depending on the types of kinetics.

A

Doubling Times

28
Q

Deceleration Phase

  • End of _____________.
  • Caused by either build-up of toxic products or ______________.
  • Cell _______ changes to favor survival over growth.
A
  1. exponential phase
  2. depletion of substrate
  3. physiology
29
Q

Stationary Phase

  • Net growth rate is _____.
  • Cells produce _______ (not growth associated).
  • Cells begin to lose ability to ______.
  • Cells begin to ____, ________ occurs.
  • Cells ________ reserves (eg; PHB) in endogenous metabolism
A
  1. zero
  2. secondary metabolites
  3. reproduce
  4. lyse, cryptic growth
  5. catabolize energy
30
Q

Death Phase

  • Death is relative to the ______, death __________.
  • Commonly ______ as a _____ with respect to biomass.
  • Some portion of cells remain _______, but are altered.
A
  1. population, always occurs
  2. modeled, 1st order process
  3. viable for a long time
31
Q

Growth yield = microorganisms produced ____________.

A

per unit substrate utilized.

32
Q

This rate is similarly affected relative to diffusion.

A

Biological reaction rate

33
Q

Effects of pH

pH optima: bacteria ___, ___ 3-6, ____ 3-7, plant cells ___, animal cells ___.

A
  1. 3-8,
  2. yeast
  3. molds
  4. 5-6
  5. 6.5-7.5
34
Q

Effects of pH

  • pH varies significantly during fermentation if system is not _______ for pH.
  • CO2 evolution and ______ as _____ both lower pH.
  • ____ raises pH.
A
  1. buffered or controlled
  2. ammonium as nitrogen source
  3. Nitrate utilization
35
Q

____ can become limiting substrate.

A

Dissolved Oxygen

36
Q

At high DO concentration, _______of [02].

A

growth is independent

37
Q

Dissolved Oxygen Requirements

  • O₂ solubility in water ~7 ppm (25°C, 1atm).
  • Bacteria require ______ for [02] independent growth, yeast _____.
  • Rate of O₂ transfer usually limited by _______ around bubbles
A
  1. ~10% of saturation, 10-50%
  2. stagnant liquid

Bio Eng Quiz 2 (4 decks)

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