How Biotechnology Works Part 1 Flashcards
Modern biotechnology means
(a) The application of _____________, including ____________________ or direct _______ of ________ into ____ or __________
in vitro nucleic acid techniques
Recombinant DNA technology Injection Nucleic acid Cells Organelles
(b) Fusion of __ beyond the _______ family, that overcome natural physiological __________ or ___________ barriers and that are not techniques used in _______________ and selection.
Cells Taxonomic Reproductive Recombinant Traditional breeding
Who discovered important concepts of inheritance and what year
Gregor Mendel 1866
4 important concepts of inheritance:
A. ____ are inherited from one _____ to another
B. ________ (genes) control the ____ of an organism
C. There is a _______ of _____ traits in offspring
D. Some genes are ______, some are _______
A. Traits; generation
B. Elementen; traits
C. Recombination; parental
D. Dominant; recessive
Four major large biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Scientists involved in searching for the chemical nature of a gene
1928 Griffith’s experiment (Frederick Griffith)
1944 Avery, McLeod, and McCarty
1952 Hershey and Chase
By Avery, Macleod, and McCarty
Candidate molecules of transforming principle in Griffith’s experiment
DNA, RNA, and proteins
Hershey and Chase experiment involves
A virus and 2 radioactive elements
Bacteriophage Radioactive phosphorus (labeled DNA) Radioactive sulfur (labeled protein)
What is the genetic material in the experiments
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Important info that contributed to the discovery of the DNA structure that are used by James Watson and Francis Crick
- _______________ patterns of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
- ______’s ratio
- __ and __ properties of constituents: _, _, _
- X-ray diffraction
- Chargaff
- Physical, chemical
Bases, sugar, phosphate
Chargaff’s ratio
A. The number of base Guanine (G) equals __
B. The number of Adenine (A) equals _
C. DNA base ratio (p_ and p_ bases) 1:1
D. In all life forms; _
E. Ratio of : and : will differ in diff. species
A. Cytosine (C) B. Thymine (T) C. pyrimidine, purine D. Universal E. A:T, G:C
Flow of genetic information (4)
DNA (gene)-mRNA (Messenger RNA)-protein-TRAIT
What is a gene
2
a DNA
codes for a trait
Why is the discovery of Watsob and Crick very important.
Hypothesized ___ structure for DNA, much like a ___ ladder, explains
How DNA could replicate or produce ____ _____ of itself (replication)
How the information in the ____ is ___ (transcription and translation)
Double-helix
Twisted
Identical copies
Gene, expressed
Nucleotide sequence of a strand is ___ to that of it partner strand
Complementary
