Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

perio exam 1 > host response to periodontal bacteria > Flashcards

host response to periodontal bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

How do bacteria induce damage to periodontal tissues?

A

1) Bacteria attach and colonize the gingival crevice
2) Bacteria release substances that directly damage host cells
3) Bacteria activate the host’s own inflammatory and immune systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 4 Major microbial virulence factors?

A

Ability to invade periodontal epithelium

Direct cytotoxic effects of bacterial metabolic waste products

Damaging bacterial enzymes

Immunostimulatory molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what were the 2 Damaging bacterial enzymes listed as microbial virulence factors?

A

Leukotoxin (from A. a., kills leukocytes)

Gingipains (Arg-specific proteases from P. g.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

give some examples of immunostimulatory molecules produced by microbes

A

1) LPS & Lipoteichoic acids from Gram-positive bacteria
2) Gingipains (Arg-specific protease)
3) Formylpeptides
4) Other surface antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the Mechanisms of periodontal defense?

A

Prevention of bacterial entry

Innate immune responses

Acquired (adaptive) immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Shedding of epithelial cells into the oral cavity inhibits what?

A

bacterial colonization of mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in healthy individuals, there is a ________ fluid flow into the gingival crevice

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what causes increased permeability in the periodontal capillaries?

A

Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what effects does the Complement system (of the innate immune system) produce?

A

Induces bacterial lysis

Promotes phagocyte recruitment (chemotaxis)

Helps activate mast cells, which increases vascular permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are defensins? what are they produced by?

A

anti-microbial peptides produced by the oral epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_____ and _____ are universal signals of infection that help recruit inflammatory cells

A

IL-1ß and TNF-α

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_____ (a cytokine) attracts neutrophils in the early stages of infection

A

IL-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the Phagocytic function of neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages are part of what type of immune response?

A

innate immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the “hallmarks” of adaptive immunity?

A

Ag recognition, immune memory, and clonal expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what category of molecules plays a major role in induction of innate immune response?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what types of molecules can toll-like receptors recognize?

A

LPS, lipoteichoic acid and flagellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

TLR’s are expressed by what types of cells?

A

Expressed by all cells, including epithelial cells, PMNs, monocytes and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do TLR’s signal for cells to do?

A

signal for cells to produce cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, nitric oxide and eicosanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

secretory IgA, lactoferrin, lysozymes and agglutinin are all released from what oral structure?

A

salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

LPS (an endotoxin) can cause the stimulation of _______

A

prostaglandin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

LPS induces ____

A

TNF-α

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what effect do membrane attack complexes have?

A

they punch holes in the cell membrane of microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pro-inflammatory activity is mediated by which cytokines?

A

IL-1β, TNF-α

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chemotactic (recruitment of neutrophil) activity is mediated by what cytokine?

A

IL-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Prostaglandins are derived from ____________

A

arachidonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what cell type produces prostaglandins?

A

Produced by activated macrophages and other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

prostaglandins induce what effects?

A

vasodilation and cytokine production

28
Q

______ induces production of matrix metalloproteinases by fibroblasts and osteoclasts

A

PGE2 (a prostaglandin)

29
Q

_________ ______ Degrade extracellular matrix

A

Matrix metalloproteinases

30
Q

what an example of a Matrix metalloproteinases?

A

PMN collagenase (degrades the major structural protein in gingiva)

31
Q

t/f: Concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases are higher in inflamed gingiva than in healthy gingiva

32
Q

what is the function of proteinase inhibitors?

A

antagonize inflammation

INHIBIT degradation of matrix proteins

33
Q

what is calprotectin? how does it work?

A
  • antimicrobial peptide

- works by chelating zinc

34
Q

t/f: calprotectin is produced by epithelium, PMNS, monocytes and macrophages

35
Q

what are the 3 defense cells of innate immunity?

A
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
36
Q

neutrophils release ___ and ___ to activate macrophages

A

C3a and C5a

37
Q

which cell type delivers antimicrobial substances to bacterial in the EARLY stages of infection

A

neutrophils (PMN’s)

38
Q

what are the 2 general mechanisms for bacterial killing by PMN’s?

A

oxidative and nonoxidative

39
Q

PMN activities are triggered by _______ ________ events

A

receptor binding

40
Q

t/f: the neutrophil surface has many high affinity receptors

41
Q

endothelial cells release what molecules in response to IL-1 and TNF alpha?

A

ICAM-1 and ELAM-1

adhesion molecules- bind to neutrophils

42
Q

what are the steps in PMN extravasation?

A

random contact

rolling

sticking

extravasation

43
Q

what anti-microbial factors are contained in PMN (neutrophil) granules?

A

lysozymes, elastase, pepsin, metalloproteases, hydrolases

44
Q

t/f: In chronic periodontitis, number of plasma cells is less than B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

A

false

In chronic periodontitis, number of plasma cells > B lymphocytes > T lymphocytes

45
Q

_________ present antigens to lymphocytes

A

macrophages

46
Q

t/f: in chronic periodontitis, there is a large number of innate immune cells present

A

false- there are more acquired immune cells

47
Q

Macrophages and Langerhans cells function as ________ during adaptive immunity

A

Ag presenting cells (APC)

48
Q

what is the structure of the T-cell receptor?

A

T-cell receptor has 2 glycoprotein chains (alpha and beta) with variable segments

49
Q

the _______ on T-cell receptors will determine the type of immune response

A

Variable segments

50
Q

Cytokines are ________ ________ that transmit signals to other cells

A

messenger proteins

51
Q

what cytokines are released by type 1 T helper cells

A

Th1: IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha

52
Q

what cytokines are released by type 2 T helper cells

A

Th2: IL-4, 5, 6, 10, 13

53
Q

what molecule can regulate the balance between cell mediated immunity & antibody production?

A

IL-10

keeps the balance between Th1 and Th2 cell functions

54
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) are activated by _______

55
Q

_____ cells respond to intracellular pathogens

A

Tc (cytotoxic T cells)

56
Q

what do Tc cells do?

A

they recognize this antigen presentation and destroy infected cells

57
Q

what does the lack of Tc cells in periodontitis suggest?

A

suggests that viruses and invasive bacteria are not major players

58
Q

what does the Ag-Ab complex activate? what does it facilitate?

A

activates complement

facilitates opsonization

59
Q

what are the 2 types of B cells?

A

conventional: produce antibodies against bacteria, levels decrease in healthy and treated sites
autoreactive: produce auto-antibodies, levels do not decrease after treatment

60
Q

which IG protein shows up first after an antibody exposure? which shows up second?

A

IgM shows up FIRST

IgG shows up SECOND- but it has a much larger response

61
Q

what is the avidity of B cell responses?

A

Ag-binding differs among antibody subclasses. not all are cab able of effective opsonization or complement activation

62
Q

which immunoglobulin, IgG1 or IgG2, is higher in chronic periodontitis? aggressive periodontitis?

A

IgG1 is higher in CHRONIC

IgG2 predominates in AGGRESSIVE periodontitis

63
Q

which Ig recognizes carbohydrate antigens (LPS)? what do the other subclasses recognize?

A

IgG2 recognizes LPS

other subclasses recognize protein Ag (antigen)

64
Q

what is involved in lymphocyte “homing” in the periodontium?

A

periodontal specific lymphocytes “home” back to the periodontium and locate within the tissues where they begin their humoral and cell-mediated immune functions

65
Q

antibodies are produced locally by plasma cells which are controlled by _____ cells

A

Th2 (T helper type 2 cells)

perio exam 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions