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perio exam 1 > host response to periodontal bacteria > Flashcards

host response to periodontal bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

How do bacteria induce damage to periodontal tissues?

A

1) Bacteria attach and colonize the gingival crevice
2) Bacteria release substances that directly damage host cells
3) Bacteria activate the host’s own inflammatory and immune systems

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2
Q

what are the 4 Major microbial virulence factors?

A

Ability to invade periodontal epithelium

Direct cytotoxic effects of bacterial metabolic waste products

Damaging bacterial enzymes

Immunostimulatory molecules

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3
Q

what were the 2 Damaging bacterial enzymes listed as microbial virulence factors?

A

Leukotoxin (from A. a., kills leukocytes)

Gingipains (Arg-specific proteases from P. g.)

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4
Q

give some examples of immunostimulatory molecules produced by microbes

A

1) LPS & Lipoteichoic acids from Gram-positive bacteria
2) Gingipains (Arg-specific protease)
3) Formylpeptides
4) Other surface antigens

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5
Q

what are the Mechanisms of periodontal defense?

A

Prevention of bacterial entry

Innate immune responses

Acquired (adaptive) immune responses

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6
Q

Shedding of epithelial cells into the oral cavity inhibits what?

A

bacterial colonization of mucosa

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7
Q

in healthy individuals, there is a ________ fluid flow into the gingival crevice

A

positive

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8
Q

what causes increased permeability in the periodontal capillaries?

A

Inflammation

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9
Q

what effects does the Complement system (of the innate immune system) produce?

A

Induces bacterial lysis

Promotes phagocyte recruitment (chemotaxis)

Helps activate mast cells, which increases vascular permeability

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10
Q

what are defensins? what are they produced by?

A

anti-microbial peptides produced by the oral epithelium

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11
Q

_____ and _____ are universal signals of infection that help recruit inflammatory cells

A

IL-1ß and TNF-α

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12
Q

_____ (a cytokine) attracts neutrophils in the early stages of infection

A

IL-8

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13
Q

the Phagocytic function of neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages are part of what type of immune response?

A

innate immune response

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14
Q

what are the “hallmarks” of adaptive immunity?

A

Ag recognition, immune memory, and clonal expansion

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15
Q

what category of molecules plays a major role in induction of innate immune response?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

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16
Q

what types of molecules can toll-like receptors recognize?

A

LPS, lipoteichoic acid and flagellae

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17
Q

TLR’s are expressed by what types of cells?

A

Expressed by all cells, including epithelial cells, PMNs, monocytes and macrophages

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18
Q

what do TLR’s signal for cells to do?

A

signal for cells to produce cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, nitric oxide and eicosanoids

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19
Q

secretory IgA, lactoferrin, lysozymes and agglutinin are all released from what oral structure?

A

salivary glands

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20
Q

LPS (an endotoxin) can cause the stimulation of _______

A

prostaglandin

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21
Q

LPS induces ____

A

TNF-α

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22
Q

what effect do membrane attack complexes have?

A

they punch holes in the cell membrane of microbes

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23
Q

Pro-inflammatory activity is mediated by which cytokines?

A

IL-1β, TNF-α

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24
Q

Chemotactic (recruitment of neutrophil) activity is mediated by what cytokine?

A

IL-8

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25
Q

Prostaglandins are derived from ____________

A

arachidonic acid

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26
Q

what cell type produces prostaglandins?

A

Produced by activated macrophages and other cells

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27
Q

prostaglandins induce what effects?

A

vasodilation and cytokine production

28
Q

______ induces production of matrix metalloproteinases by fibroblasts and osteoclasts

A

PGE2 (a prostaglandin)

29
Q

_________ ______ Degrade extracellular matrix

A

Matrix metalloproteinases

30
Q

what an example of a Matrix metalloproteinases?

A

PMN collagenase (degrades the major structural protein in gingiva)

31
Q

t/f: Concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases are higher in inflamed gingiva than in healthy gingiva

A

true

32
Q

what is the function of proteinase inhibitors?

A

antagonize inflammation

INHIBIT degradation of matrix proteins

33
Q

what is calprotectin? how does it work?

A
  • antimicrobial peptide

- works by chelating zinc

34
Q

t/f: calprotectin is produced by epithelium, PMNS, monocytes and macrophages

A

true

35
Q

what are the 3 defense cells of innate immunity?

A
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
36
Q

neutrophils release ___ and ___ to activate macrophages

A

C3a and C5a

37
Q

which cell type delivers antimicrobial substances to bacterial in the EARLY stages of infection

A

neutrophils (PMN’s)

38
Q

what are the 2 general mechanisms for bacterial killing by PMN’s?

A

oxidative and nonoxidative

39
Q

PMN activities are triggered by _______ ________ events

A

receptor binding

40
Q

t/f: the neutrophil surface has many high affinity receptors

A

true

41
Q

endothelial cells release what molecules in response to IL-1 and TNF alpha?

A

ICAM-1 and ELAM-1

adhesion molecules- bind to neutrophils

42
Q

what are the steps in PMN extravasation?

A

random contact

rolling

sticking

extravasation

43
Q

what anti-microbial factors are contained in PMN (neutrophil) granules?

A

lysozymes, elastase, pepsin, metalloproteases, hydrolases

44
Q

t/f: In chronic periodontitis, number of plasma cells is less than B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

A

false

In chronic periodontitis, number of plasma cells > B lymphocytes > T lymphocytes

45
Q

_________ present antigens to lymphocytes

A

macrophages

46
Q

t/f: in chronic periodontitis, there is a large number of innate immune cells present

A

false- there are more acquired immune cells

47
Q

Macrophages and Langerhans cells function as ________ during adaptive immunity

A

Ag presenting cells (APC)

48
Q

what is the structure of the T-cell receptor?

A

T-cell receptor has 2 glycoprotein chains (alpha and beta) with variable segments

49
Q

the _______ on T-cell receptors will determine the type of immune response

A

Variable segments

50
Q

Cytokines are ________ ________ that transmit signals to other cells

A

messenger proteins

51
Q

what cytokines are released by type 1 T helper cells

A

Th1: IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha

52
Q

what cytokines are released by type 2 T helper cells

A

Th2: IL-4, 5, 6, 10, 13

53
Q

what molecule can regulate the balance between cell mediated immunity & antibody production?

A

IL-10

keeps the balance between Th1 and Th2 cell functions

54
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) are activated by _______

A

cytokines

55
Q

_____ cells respond to intracellular pathogens

A

Tc (cytotoxic T cells)

56
Q

what do Tc cells do?

A

they recognize this antigen presentation and destroy infected cells

57
Q

what does the lack of Tc cells in periodontitis suggest?

A

suggests that viruses and invasive bacteria are not major players

58
Q

what does the Ag-Ab complex activate? what does it facilitate?

A

activates complement

facilitates opsonization

59
Q

what are the 2 types of B cells?

A

conventional: produce antibodies against bacteria, levels decrease in healthy and treated sites
autoreactive: produce auto-antibodies, levels do not decrease after treatment

60
Q

which IG protein shows up first after an antibody exposure? which shows up second?

A

IgM shows up FIRST

IgG shows up SECOND- but it has a much larger response

61
Q

what is the avidity of B cell responses?

A

Ag-binding differs among antibody subclasses. not all are cab able of effective opsonization or complement activation

62
Q

which immunoglobulin, IgG1 or IgG2, is higher in chronic periodontitis? aggressive periodontitis?

A

IgG1 is higher in CHRONIC

IgG2 predominates in AGGRESSIVE periodontitis

63
Q

which Ig recognizes carbohydrate antigens (LPS)? what do the other subclasses recognize?

A

IgG2 recognizes LPS

other subclasses recognize protein Ag (antigen)

64
Q

what is involved in lymphocyte “homing” in the periodontium?

A

periodontal specific lymphocytes “home” back to the periodontium and locate within the tissues where they begin their humoral and cell-mediated immune functions

65
Q

antibodies are produced locally by plasma cells which are controlled by _____ cells

A

Th2 (T helper type 2 cells)

perio exam 1 (8 decks)

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