Host Response to Cell Damage Flashcards
What are the three major types of cells based on their replicative abilities? give an example of each.
labile cells - constantly dividing (epithelial)
stable cells - facultative - low level of replication but can produce a rapid response (hepatocytes)
permanent cells - non-dividing - terminally differentiated (neurons)
Explain the concept of dynamic cells and why constant change is crucial for cellular adaptation.
if we are unable to produce new cells, we would be inadaptable to stimuli, causing injury and disease. morphological change is irreversible
What is the primary objective of adaptive cell responses?
Differentiate between hyperplasia and hypertrophy as adaptive responses. Provide examples for each.
How do cells adapt to increased functional demand? Mention the two mechanisms discussed in the workshop.
increased functional demand =
increasing or decreasing cellular activity + altering morphology
Mechanisms :
hyperplasia (increase in cell number) hypertrophy (increase in cell size).
Give examples of physiological hyperplasia and explain the underlying reasons for each.
name the 2 mechanisms of response to increased functional demand
hyperplasia
hypertrophy
Describe the physiological processes leading to skeletal muscle hypertrophy, providing an example. Q. What happens if stimulus ceases?
hyperplasia
increase in cell number
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
muscles exhibit this as they are considered permanent cells and cannot divide, therefore expand instead
Q. How does the liver regenerate itself?
Q. How does the liver know when to stop?
What is compensatory hyperplasia, and how does the liver regenerate itself?
Discuss the causes and characteristics of pathological hyperplasia.
increased functional demand
endocrine stimulation
puberty/pregnancy
describe compensatory hyperplasia in the liver and kidney
in the liver:
in the kidney:
What are the causes and characteristics of physiological atrophy or involution?
Explain the difference between atrophy and involution.
What is lipofuscin, and what are its consequences in cellular atrophy?
Provide examples of developmental causes of decreased cell mass.
How does atrophy differ between permanent cells and other cell types?
What are the main targets of damaging stimuli in cell injury?
Explain the reasons for variability in cell susceptibility to injury.
Discuss the features of sub-lethal injury, specifically hydropic degeneration and fatty change.
Illustrate the differences between coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, providing examples for each.
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis and provide examples of physiological and pathologic conditions where apoptosis occurs.
In cell death, what determines whether the cell undergoes necrosis or apoptosis?
Define Atrophy
decrease in cell size
Define Involtion
Decrease in cell number
