Host Response to Cell Damage

Question 1

What are the three major types of cells based on their replicative abilities? give an example of each.

Answer 1

labile cells - constantly dividing (epithelial)
stable cells - facultative - low level of replication but can produce a rapid response (hepatocytes)
permanent cells - non-dividing - terminally differentiated (neurons)

Question 2

Explain the concept of dynamic cells and why constant change is crucial for cellular adaptation.

Answer 2

if we are unable to produce new cells, we would be inadaptable to stimuli, causing injury and disease. morphological change is irreversible

Question 3

What is the primary objective of adaptive cell responses?

Question 4

Differentiate between hyperplasia and hypertrophy as adaptive responses. Provide examples for each.

Question 5

How do cells adapt to increased functional demand? Mention the two mechanisms discussed in the workshop.

Answer 5

increased functional demand =
increasing or decreasing cellular activity + altering morphology
Mechanisms :
hyperplasia (increase in cell number) hypertrophy (increase in cell size).

Question 6

Give examples of physiological hyperplasia and explain the underlying reasons for each.

Question 7

name the 2 mechanisms of response to increased functional demand

Answer 7

hyperplasia
hypertrophy

Question 8

Describe the physiological processes leading to skeletal muscle hypertrophy, providing an example. Q. What happens if stimulus ceases?​

Question 9

hyperplasia

Answer 9

increase in cell number

Question 10

hypertrophy

Answer 10

increase in cell size
muscles exhibit this as they are considered permanent cells and cannot divide, therefore expand instead

Question 11

Q. How does the liver regenerate itself?​

Question 12

Q. How does the liver know when to stop?​

Question 13

What is compensatory hyperplasia, and how does the liver regenerate itself?

Question 14

Discuss the causes and characteristics of pathological hyperplasia.

Answer 14

increased functional demand
endocrine stimulation
puberty/pregnancy

Question 15

describe compensatory hyperplasia in the liver and kidney

Answer 15

in the liver:
in the kidney:

Question 16

What are the causes and characteristics of physiological atrophy or involution?

Question 17

Explain the difference between atrophy and involution.

Question 18

What is lipofuscin, and what are its consequences in cellular atrophy?

Question 19

Provide examples of developmental causes of decreased cell mass.

Question 20

How does atrophy differ between permanent cells and other cell types?

Question 21

What are the main targets of damaging stimuli in cell injury?

Question 22

Explain the reasons for variability in cell susceptibility to injury.

Question 23

Discuss the features of sub-lethal injury, specifically hydropic degeneration and fatty change.

Question 24

Illustrate the differences between coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, providing examples for each.

Question 25

Describe the characteristics of apoptosis and provide examples of physiological and pathologic conditions where apoptosis occurs.

Question 26

In cell death, what determines whether the cell undergoes necrosis or apoptosis?

Question 27

Define Atrophy

Answer 27

decrease in cell size

Question 28

Define Involtion

Answer 28

Decrease in cell number