Cell Injury

Question 1

List exogenous causes of cell injury

Question 2

List endogenous causes of cell injury

Question 3

simply, how does cell injury occur?

Answer 3

inadaptability to adapt to stress

Question 4

what events, after stress would lead to cell death (apoptosis and necrosis)?

Answer 4

irreversible injury from sever stress that the cell cannot adapt to

Question 5

what is the differece between necrosis and apoptosis?

Question 6

Hypoxia

Question 7

how does hypoxia lead to necrosis?

Question 8

hypoxaemia

Answer 8

oxygen deficiency in arterial blood

Question 9

histoxia

Answer 9

inability of the tissues to use oxygen

Question 10

hypoxic hypoxia

Answer 10

insufficient oxygen in the lungs

Question 11

anoxia

Answer 11

total depletion of oxygen

Question 12

anoxaemia

Answer 12

total depletion of oxygen in arterial blood

Question 13

anaemia

Answer 13

reduced ability of oxygen to bind - usually due to low Hb production

Question 14

Ischaemia

Answer 14

insufficient blood flow to the tissue

Question 15

reperfusion injury

Answer 15

Burst of reactive oxygen species after re-oxygenation​

Question 16

what are the steps after trauma that lead to bruising?

Answer 16

• Mechanical force ​separates and/or damages cells​
• Blood vessel rupture​
  i.e. contusion​
• Red blood cells phagocytosed by macrophages​
• Iron converted into haemosiderin and haeme into biliverdin (green) and bilirubin (yellow)​

Question 17

trench foot

Answer 17

Proloned ischaemia results in necrosis

Question 18

what does prolonged ischaemia lead to?

Answer 18

necrosis

Question 19

describe how Lead can cause cell injury

Question 20

primary nutritional deficiency

Question 21

secondary nutritional deficiency

Question 22

how does excess of nutrition (obesity) cause cell injury?

Question 23

Describe the genetic basis of phenylketonuria (PKU) and its impact on cellular function.