Host-bacteria metabolism

Question 1

What is an M0 macrophage?

Answer 1

A naive macrophage waiting to be activated

Question 2

What are the two types of macrophages?

Answer 2

M1 microbicidal

M2 Tissue repair

Question 3

What is the process called when an M0 differentiates?

Answer 3

Macrophage polarisation

Question 4

What are the 4 roles of macrophages?

Answer 4

Sample, Heal, Inhibit and Present.

Question 5

Do M0 have a high or low metabolism?

Answer 5

Generally low.

Question 6

Where do M0 get the majority of their ATP from?

Answer 6

The TCA, with less from the PPP and glycolysis.

Question 7

Which metabolic pathways are significantly reduced in M2?

Answer 7

PPP and glycolysis.

Question 8

Which pathways does the M2 use for the majority of its energy?

Answer 8

Beta oxidation of fatty acids.

Glutamine metabolism.

Question 9

In M2, what does arginase convert arginine to?

Answer 9

Ornithine and urea.

Question 10

What purpose does ornithine serve in M2?

Answer 10

Helps with cell proliferation.

Question 11

What sort of activity do PFK-2 and FBPase-2 have?

Answer 11

Phosphatase activity.

Question 12

What is the main source of ATP in M1 polarised macrophages?

Answer 12

Glycolysis.

Question 13

How do M1 ensure they have enough glucose for glycolysis?

Answer 13

They increase their uptake

Question 14

What other metabolic pathways are activated?

Answer 14

PPP and fatty acid synthesis.

Question 15

In M1, what is arginine metabolised by?

Answer 15

Nitric oxide synthase

Question 16

What happens to the TCA in M1 and why?

Answer 16

It is largely stopped as some of the intermediates are used up in other places.

Question 17

What sort of activity do PFK-2 and FBPase-2 have in M1

Answer 17

Predominantly kinase in order to activate glycolysis.

Question 18

In M1, what forms NADPH?

Answer 18

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP).

Question 19

What does NADPH use NADPH for?

Answer 19

It uses their electrons to form superoxide radicals.

Question 20

Where are superoxide radicals found and what is their purpose?

Answer 20

They are found inside the phagosome and they destroy the bacteria.

Question 21

What does inducible NOS convert arginine into?

Answer 21

Citrulline and NO.

Question 22

What is the purpose of NO?

Answer 22

To form peroxynitrite and NO to destroy bacteria.

Question 23

In M1, the breakdown of TCA causes the accumulation of which intermediates?

Answer 23

Citrate and succinate.

Question 24

What are the fates of citrate?

Answer 24

It is turned into Acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis.

Converted to oxaloacetate.

Question 25

Which fatty acid might citrate become and what does it do?

Answer 25

It might become Prostaglandin E2 which mediates inflammation.

Question 26

What is oxaloacetate used in?

Answer 26

Forming pryuvate via the NADPH producing malic enzyme.

Question 27

In M1, IRG1 is upregulated to produce what?

Answer 27

Itaconate.

Question 28

What is the purpose of itaconate?

Answer 28

To inhibit succinyl dehydrogenase