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Energy for life > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Which tissues rely solely on glucose for energy?

A

Nervoius, RBC, testes and embryonic

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2
Q

How much glucose vs glycogen does the body store?

A 
Glucose= 20g
Glycogen= 190g
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3
Q

What is an anomeric carbon?

A

Carbon molecule that arises from a carbonyl group

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4
Q

Which of sucrose, maltose or lactose has no anomeric carbon available for oxidation

A

Sucrose

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5
Q

Which of amylose or amylopectin is branched?

A

Amylose is straight chained (alpha 1,4)

Amylopectin is highly branched (alpha 1,4 and 1,6)

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6
Q

Where is the majority of glucose in the body found?

A

90% in the liver and skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Does glucose have non-reducing ends and what does this mean for the molecule?

A

Yes it does and it means that the glucose can be readily formed or degraded

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8
Q

How osmotically active is glucose?

A

not at all, it forms a hydrated gel

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9
Q

What can CHO attached to proteins do for the protein?

A

Increase solubility, alter folding and protect from degradation

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10
Q

Where can Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) be found?

A

Synovial fluid and mucous.

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11
Q

What differentiates proteoglycans from glycosaminoglycans?

A

Proteoglycans are GAGs that have been bound to protein molecules- they usually from as a part of the connective tissue.

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12
Q

What characterises mucopolysaccharidose disorders?

A

Genetic disorders that affect the ability to breakdown GAGs

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13
Q

What can mucopolysacchaaridoses cause?

A

Build up of GAGs can result in damage to connective tissue. Inflammation in those areas occurs, potential heart problems and dementia.

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14
Q

Name a mucopolysaccharidose and a key feature of the disease.

A

Hurlers syndrome where development stops at around 4 years old.

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15
Q

Does digestion of CHO occur in the mouth, and if so, what exact digestion occurs?

A

Yes. Salivary amyloses hydrolyse alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds.

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16
Q

Does digestion of CHO occur in the stomach, and if so, what exactly occurs.

A

No.

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17
Q

Does digestion occur of CHO occur in the duodenum, and if so, what exactly occurs?

A

Yes. Amyloses hydrolyse alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds

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18
Q

Does CHO digestion occur in the jejunum, and if so, what exactly occurs?

A

Yes. Sucroses, lactases, isomaltase and glucoamylases function here.

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19
Q

What breaks down cellulose and hemicellulose, and what does this produce?

A

Colonic bacteria break them down forming methane and hydrogen gas.

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20
Q

By what method of transport is glucose transported into the epithelial cells?

A

Co-transport with 2Na+

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21
Q

How do epithelial cells allow glucose transportation?

A

Sodium is pumped out of the cell into the lumen to keep a low intracellular sodium in order for glucose to be transported into the cell.

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22
Q

Is galactose or fructose transported by the same method as glucose, and what is the other method?

A

Galactose is transported by the same method.

Fructose binds to GLUT5 and diffuses in.

23
Q

Briefly explain how lactose intolerance causes its symtpoms.

A

Bacteria in the colon breakdown lactose into lactic acid. Lactic acid is osmotically active and therefore draws more water into the colon. This results in diarrhoea and dehydration.

24
Q

What does the body do to freshly acquired glucose?

A

Phosphorylates it to Glc-6-Pi

25
Q

Which enzymes does the body use to alter glucose for storage?

A

Liver= Glucokinase

Rest of the body= Hexokinase.

26
Q

Which enzyme is most effective at dealing with glucose for storage, and what does this mean for the tissue?

A

Glucokinase has a much higher Vmax and can ‘grab’ much more glucose for the liver than the rest of the body can.

27
Q

Is Glc-6-Pi osmotically active?

A

NO.

28
Q

Which enzyme initiates glycogen synthesis and how does it do?

A

Glucogenin bonds glucose from UDP to form disaccharides.

29
Q

Which enzyme extends glucose disaccharides?

A

Glycogen synthase.

30
Q

Which enzyme forms alpha 1,6 bonds to branch glycogen?

A

Glycogen branching enzyme forms alpha 1,6 bonds

31
Q

What does glycogen phosphorylase do, in terms of glycogen mobilisation?

A

Cleaves non- reducing glucose off the end of glycogen chains and phosphorylates them to glc-1-pi

32
Q

What does the transferase enzyme do in terms of mobilisation?

A

Transfers the shortened branch to the non-reducing end of the main chain.

33
Q

Which enzyme cleaves the alpha 1,6 bond?

A

Glucosidase

34
Q

What is Von Gierkes disease?

A

Inability to breakdown glycogen in the cells and subsequent over-storage.

35
Q

What is McArdles disease?

A

Inability to break down glycogen in the skeletal muscles.

36
Q

What is the initial step in glycolysis and is it reversible?

A

Hexokinase phosphorylation of glucose. it is not reversible.

37
Q

The second step of glycolysis, what is Glc-6-Pi conversion

A

Phosphexose isomerase (with Mg co-factor) changes the glc-6-pi to fructose-6-Pi

38
Q

In the third glycolysis step, what does phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) do?

A

Phosphorylates F-6-Pi to F-1,6-BisPi.

This is the first commited step.

39
Q

In the fourth step of glycolysis, what is F-1,6-Bispi cleavage?

A

Aldose Splits the molecule into two 3c carbons

G-3-P and DAP

40
Q

In the fifth glycolysis step, what is triose interconversion?

A

Conversion of DAP to G-3-P by triose phosphate isomerase.

41
Q

In the sixth step of glycolysis, what is G-3-P oxidation?

A

G-3-Pase oxidises G-3-P into 1,3-BisPG

42
Q

In the seventh step of glycolysis, what does phosphoglycerate kinase do?

A

transfers the Pi to phosphorylate ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.

43
Q

In the eighth step, what does phosphoglycerate mutase do?

A

Moves the Pi on the molecule to form 2-PG from 3-PG

44
Q

In the ninth step of glycolysis, what forms phosphoenolpyruvate?

A

Enolase froms PEP from 2-PG

45
Q

In the tenth step of glycolysis, how does ATP get generated?

A

Pyruvate kinase transfers the Pi to ADP.

46
Q

Which vitamin is NAD+ formed from?

A

B3 Niacin

47
Q

Anaerobic respiration in muscle and RB cells forms what?

A

Lactate.

48
Q

When converting pyruvate to ethanol, what does pyruvate decarboxylase do?

A

Removes CO2 to from acetaldehyde.

49
Q

When converting from pyruvate to ethanol, what does alcohol dehydrogenase do?

A

Converts acetaldehyde to ethanol and forms NADH from NAD

50
Q

Which enzyme is involved in pyruvate-lactate fermentation?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase.

51
Q

When and where does the cori-cycle occur?

A

During anaerobic respiration and between the liver and skeletal muscle.

52
Q

What occurs in the cori-cycle?

A

Muscle forms lactate from glucose and pyruvate.

The liver reforms glucose through lactate then pyruvate.

53
Q

What does pyruvate dehydrogenase do to pyruvate?

A

Turns it into Acetyl Co-A and forms NADH

Energy for life (6 decks)

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