Hospital Acquired Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Define the following:

a. Antimicrobial
b. Antibacterial
c. Antibiotic

A

a. Antimicrobial
Interferes with growth and reproduction of a microbe
b. Antibacterial
Commonly used to describe agents that reduce or eliminate harmful bacteria
c. Antibiotic
Type of antimicrobial that is used as medicine for humans and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a health-care associated infection?

A

Infections that occur after exposure to healthcare Infection starts >48 hours after admission to hospital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do health-care associated infections cost money to the healthcare system?

A

They increase the length of stay at hospital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List some medical interventions that can increase the risk of infection.

A
Catheterisation  
Intubation  
Lines (e.g. central venous lines)  
Chemotherapy 
Prosthetic material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

State some other factors that increase the risk of infection in the hospital setting.

A

Dissemination by healthcare staff

Concentration of ill patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the ESCAPE pathogens?

A
Enterococcus faecium  
Staphylococcus aureus 
Clostridium difficile 
Acinetobacter baumanii 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
Enterobacteriaceae
NOTE:  
ESC are Gram-positive  
APE are Gram-negative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the main problem with the escape pathogens?

A

They are antibiotic resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most frequent cause of bacteraemia by a Gram-negative bacterium?

A

E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does E. coli frequently cause?

A

UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which antibiotics is E. coli resistant to in many countries?

A

Cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which antibiotics is E. coli still sensitive to?

A

Carbapenems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is ESBL encoded on?

A

Plasmid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are carbapenemases encoded on?

A

Transposon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What types of infections does Klebsiella pneumoniae tend to cause?

A

UTI

Respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which group of patients are at risk of Klebsiella infection?

A

Immunocompromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which classes of antibiotics are Klebsiella widely resistant to?

A

Cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides

Carbapenem resistance in the US

17
Q

Which group of patients are at risk of P. aeruginosa infection?

A

Immunocompromised

18
Q

Which class of antibiotics is P. aeruginosa widely resistant to?

A

Carbapenems

19
Q

What is the most important cause of antimicrobial resistant infection in the world?

A

MRSA

20
Q

What is Enterococcus faecium widely resistant to?

A

Vancomycin

NOTE: causes blood stream infections

21
Q

What is target of cephalosporins

A

Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis by inhbiting activity of penicillin binding proteins

22
Q

What is method of resistance to cephalosporins

A

Production of extended spectrum beta lactamase which can cleave the cephalosporins

23
Q

What is target of carbapenems

A

Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis by inhbiting activity of penicillin binding proteins

24
Q

Method of resistance against carbapenems

A

Production of carbapenemase enzymes which cleaves the drug

25
Q

What class of antibiotic are carbapenems and cephalosporin

A

Beta lactams

26
Q

What is target of methicilin

A

Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis by inhbiting activity of penicillin binding proteins- MRSA

27
Q

What is method of resistance to methicilin

A

MRSA can produce an additional penicillin binding protein with low affinity for methicilin meaning it can still synthesise peptiodglycan in presence of methicilin

28
Q

What is target of vancomycin

A

Inhibit the production of peptidoglycan by binding to its precursor

29
Q

What is method of resistance to vancomycin

A

Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis by inhbiting activity of penicillin binding proteins

30
Q

Name of vancomycin resistant bacteria

A

VR enterococcus faecium