HOSA Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
mes/o-
A
Definition: Middle or intermediate.
Example: Mesoderm - the middle layer of cells in an embryo.
2
Q
mesio-
A
Definition: Toward the middle or midline.
Example: Mesiobuccal - relating to the mesial and buccal surfaces of a tooth.
3
Q
meta-
A
Definition: After, beyond, or change.
Example: Metamorphosis - a change in form or structure.
4
Q
metacarp/o-
A
Definition: Metacarpus (bones of the hand).
Example: Metacarpal - bones located in the hand between the wrist and fingers.
5
Q
-meter
A
Definition: Instrument for measuring.
Example: Thermometer - an instrument for measuring temperature.
6
Q
metr-, metra-, metro-
A
Definition: Uterus
Examples:
Metritis - inflammation of the uterus.
7
Q
micr/o-
A
Definition: Small.
Example: Microscope - an instrument for viewing very small objects.
8
Q
mon/o-
A
Definition: One or single.
Example: Monocyte - a type of white blood cell with a single nucleus.
9
Q
muc-, muci-, muco-, myxa-, myxo-
A
Definition: Mucus or slime.
Examples:
Mucolytic - an agent that breaks down mucus.
Myxoma - a tumor composed of mucus-like tissue.
10
Q
multi-
A
Definition: Many.
Example: Multigravida - a woman who has been pregnant more than once.
11
Q
musculo-, my-, myo-
A
Definition: Muscle.
Examples:
Musculoskeletal - relating to muscles and the skeleton.
Myopathy - a disease of the muscles.
12
Q
myc/o-
A
Definition: Fungus.
Example: Mycosis - a fungal infection.
13
Q
myel/o-
A
Definition: Spinal cord or bone marrow.
Example: Myelopathy - disease of the spinal cord.
14
Q
myring/o-
A
Definition: Eardrum.
Example: Myringotomy - a surgical incision into the eardrum to relieve pressure or drain fluid.
15
Q
nano-
A
Definition: dwarf, or one-billionth.
Example: Nanometer - a unit of measurement equal to one-billionth of a meter.
16
Q
narco-
A
Definition: Stupor, numbness,
Example: Narcolepsy - a condition characterized by uncontrollable episodes of sleep.
17
Q
naso-
A
Definition: Nose.
Example: Nasopharynx - the upper part of the throat behind the nose.
18
Q
necr/o-
A
Definition: Death or dead tissue.
Example: Necrosis - the death of cells or tissues in the body.
19
Q
neo-
A
Definition: New or recent.
Example: Neonatal - pertaining to the first 28 days of life.
20
Q
nephr/o-
A
Definition: Kidney.
Example: Nephritis - inflammation of the kidney.
21
Q
neur-, neuri-, neuro-
A
Definition: Nerves, Nervous System
Example: Neurology - the study of the nervous system.
22
Q
nitr/o-
A
Definition: Nitrogen or nitrate.
Example: Nitroglycerin - a compound used in the treatment of heart conditions.
23
Q
non-
A
Definition: Not or without.
Example: Noninvasive - not involving penetration of the body.
24
Q
normo-
A
Definition: Normal.
Example: Normotension - normal blood pressure.
25
noso-
Definition: Disease.
Example: Nosocomial - pertaining to a disease acquired in a hospital.
26
noto-
Definition: Back.
Example: Notocord - a flexible rod found in the embryos of vertebrates.
27
nucleo-
Definition: Nucleus.
Example: Nucleoplasm - the substance of a cell nucleus.
28
nyct/o-
Definition: Night.
Example: Nyctalopia - night blindness or difficulty seeing in low light.
29
ob-
Definition: Against, toward, or in front of.
Example: Obstruction - something that blocks or hinders.
30
occipit/o-
Definition: Back of the head.
Example: Occipital - relating to the back part of the skull.
31
octa-, octo-
Definition: Eight.
Example: Octopus - an animal with eight limbs.
32
oculo-
Definition: Eye.
Example: Oculomotor - relating to the movement of the eye.
33
-ode, -oid
Definition: Resembling or like.
Example: Android - resembling a human.
33
odont/o-
Definition: Tooth.
Example: Orthodontics - the treatment of irregularities in teeth alignment.
33
-odynia, odyno-
Definition: Pain.
Example: Mastodynia - pain in the breast.
33
oleo-
Definition: Oil.
Example: Oleoresin - a mixture of oil and resin.
33
olig/o-
Definition: Few or deficient.
Example: Oliguria - low output of urine.
33
-ology
Definition: The study of.
Example: Biology - the study of life.
33
-oma
Definition: Tumor or mass.
Example: Carcinoma - a type of cancerous tumor.
33
omo-
Definition: Shoulder.
Example: Omohyoid - a muscle associated with the shoulder and the hyoid bone.
34
omphal/o-
Definition: Umbilicus or navel.
Example: Omphalitis - inflammation of the umbilicus.
35
onco-
Definition: Tumor or mass.
Example: Oncology - the study and treatment of tumors.
36
onych/o-
Definition: Nail (of fingers or toes).
Example: Onychomycosis - a fungal infection of the nails.
37
oo-, ovi-, ovo-
Definition: Egg.
Example:
Oocyte - an immature egg cell.
Oviparous - organisms that lay eggs.
38
oophor-, oopharo-, oophoron-
Definition: Ovary.
Example: Oophorectomy - surgical removal of an ovary.
39
ophthalm/o-
Definition: Eye.
Example: Ophthalmology - the study and treatment of eye disorders.
40
-opia
Definition: Vision condition.
Example: Myopia - nearsightedness.
41
opisth/o-
Definition: Backward or behind.
Example: Opisthotonos - a condition involving severe backward arching of the body.
42
-opsy
Definition: To view or examine.
Example: Biopsy - the removal and examination of tissue to diagnose a disease.
43
optico-, opto-
Definition: Vision or eye.
Example: Optometry - the measurement and correction of vision.
44
orchid/o-
Definition: Testis.
Example: Orchidectomy - surgical removal of a testicle.
45
-orexia
Definition: Appetite.
Example: Anorexia - lack or loss of appetite.
46
oro-
Definition: Mouth.
Example: Oropharynx - the part of the throat at the back of the mouth.
47
orth/o-
Definition: Straight, correct, or normal.
Example: Orthodontics - the correction of irregularities in the teeth.
48
os-
Definition: Bone or mouth (depending on the context).
Examples:
Ossification - the process of bone formation.
Os uteri - the opening of the cervix into the uterus.
49
oscheo-
Definition: Scrotum.
Example: Oscheoplasty - surgical repair of the scrotum.
50
-ose
Definition: Relating to sugars (carbohydrates) or certain protein derivatives.
Examples:
Carbohydrates:
Glucose - a simple sugar and primary energy source in the body.
Fructose - a sugar found in fruits and honey.
Lactose - a disaccharide sugar found in milk.
Proteins:
Proteose - intermediate products of protein digestion formed during enzymatic breakdown.
51
-osis
Definition: Condition, usually abnormal.
Example: Sclerosis - abnormal hardening of tissue.
52
osmo-
Definition: Smell or osmosis.
Example: Osmoreceptor - a receptor that detects changes in osmotic pressure.
53
oste/o-
Definition: Bone.
Example: Osteoporosis - a condition characterized by weakened bones.
54
-ostomosis
Definition: Creation of a passage or connection.
Example: Enterostomosis - the surgical connection between parts of the intestine.
55
-ostomy, stomosis, -stomy
Definition: Creating an opening.
Example: Colostomy - creating an opening in the colon to the surface of the body.
56
pachy-
Definition: Thick.
Example: Pachyderma - abnormal thickening of the skin.
57
-pagus
Definition: Joined twins or conjoined.
Example: Craniopagus - conjoined twins joined at the head.
58
pali-, palin-
Definition: repetition, or recurrence.
Example: Palindromic - recurring or repeating (as in a disease or genetic pattern).
59
pan-
Definition: All.
Example: Pandemic - a disease affecting all or most of a population.
60
pant/o-
Definition: All or entire.
Example: Pantomime - conveying meaning entirely through gestures without speech.
61
papulo-
Definition: Pimple or papule (small raised bump).
Example: Papulopustular - involving both papules and pustules.
62
para-
Definition: Beside, near, or abnormal.
Examples:
Parathyroid - glands located near the thyroid.
Paralysis - loss of function in part of the body.
63
-para
Definition: To bear or bring forth (used for number of pregnancies carried to viability).
Example: Primipara - a woman who has given birth for the first time.
64
patell/o-
Definition: Kneecap.
Example: Patellectomy - surgical removal of the kneecap.
65
. path-, patho-, -path, -pathic, -pathy
Definition: Disease or suffering.
Examples:
Pathology - the study of disease.
Neuropathy - a disease of the nerves.
66
ped-, pedi-, pedo-
Definition: Foot
Examples:
Pedicure - treatment of the feet.
67
pedia-
Definition: Child.
Example: Pediatrician - a doctor specializing in the treatment of children.
68
pedicul/o-
Definition: Louse (parasitic insect).
Example: Pediculosis - infestation with lice.
69
-penia
Definition: Deficiency or lack.
Example: Leukopenia - a reduction in the number of white blood cells.
70
pent/a-
Definition: Five.
Example: Pentagon - a shape with five sides.
71
-pepsia
Definition: Digestion.
Example: Dyspepsia - indigestion or discomfort in the stomach.
72
per-
Definition: Through, thoroughly, or excessive.
Example: Permeable - allowing substances to pass through.
73
perineo-
Definition: Perineum (the area between the anus and genitals).
Example: Perineoplasty - surgical repair of the perineum.
74
peritoneo-
Definition: Peritoneum (the membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering abdominal organs).
Example: Peritoneocentesis - puncture of the peritoneal cavity to remove fluid.
75
pero-
Definition: Deformed
Example: Peromelia - congenital absence or malformation of a limb.
76
petro-
Definition: Stone or petrous part of the temporal bone.
Example: Petrous - relating to the hard, rock-like portion of the temporal bone in the skull.
77
-pexy
Definition: Surgical fixation.
Example: Nephropexy - surgical fixation of a floating or displaced kidney.
78
phaco-
Definition: Lens of the eye.
Example: Phacomalacia - softening of the lens.
79
phag/o-
Definition: To eat or swallow.
Example: Phagocytosis - the process by which cells engulf and digest particles.
80
phalang/o-
Definition: Fingers or toes (phalanges).
Example: Phalangectomy - surgical removal of a phalange (finger or toe bone).
81
phall-
Definition: Penis.
Example: Phalloplasty - surgical reconstruction of the penis.
82
pharmaco-
Definition: Drugs or medicine.
Example: Pharmacology - the study of drugs and their effects on the body.
83
pharyng/o-
Definition: Pharynx (throat).
Example: Pharyngitis - inflammation of the pharynx.
84
-phasia
Definition: Speech.
Example: Aphasia - loss or impairment of the ability to speak or understand language.
85
-phil, -philia, -philic
Definition: Attraction or affinity for.
Examples:
Eosinophilic - having an affinity for eosin (a dye).
Hemophilia - a condition involving an affinity for bleeding (due to clotting issues).
86
phlebo-
Definition: Vein.
Example: Phlebotomy - the act of drawing blood from a vein.
87
-phobia
Definition: Fear.
Example: Claustrophobia - fear of confined spaces.
88
phono-
Definition: Sound or voice.
Example: Phonogram - a written representation of sound.
89
-phoresis
Definition: Transmission or carrying.
Example: Electrophoresis - movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an electric field.
90
-phoria
Definition: A state or condition (often related to mood or the eyes).
Examples:
Euphoria - a state of extreme happiness.
Esophoria - a latent deviation of the eye inward.
91
photo-
Definition: Light.
Example: Photophobia - sensitivity or fear of light.
92
phren-, phreno-, -phrenia
Definition: Diaphragm or mind.
Examples:
Phrenic nerve - a nerve related to the diaphragm.
Schizophrenia - a mental disorder characterized by distorted thought processes.
93
-phylaxis
Definition: Protection or prevention.
Example: Prophylaxis - prevention of disease.
94
physico-
Definition: Physical processes.
Example: Physicochemical - relating to physical and chemical properties.
95
physio-
Definition: Nature or physical function.
Example: Physiology - the study of the functions of living organisms.
96
physe-
Definition: Growth or air.
Example: Physitis - inflammation of the growth plate in bones.
97
phyt/o-
Definition: Plant.
Example: Phytotherapy - treatment using plants or plant extracts.
98
pico-
Definition:One Trillionth
Example: Picogram - one trillionth of a gram.
99
picr/o-
Definition: Bitter.
Example: Picric acid - a bitter-tasting compound used in laboratory tests.
100
-piesis
Definition: pressure.
Example: Diapiesis - the passage of blood cells through capillary walls.
101
pimel/o-
Definition: Fat.
Example: Pimelitis - inflammation of fatty tissue.
102
plagio-
Definition: Oblique or slanted.
Example: Plagiocephaly - a condition where an infant's head is flattened on one side.
103
-plakia
Definition: Refers to plaque or patch, often an abnormal thickened or flat patch on mucous membranes.
Example: Leukoplakia - a white plaque or patch on the mucous membranes, often in the mouth, which can sometimes be precancerous.
104
-plasia
Definition: Growth, development, or formation (usually of cells or tissue).
Example: Hyperplasia - an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
105
plasm-
Definition: Refers to living substance or tissue.
Example: Protoplasm - the living content of a cell that is enclosed within the cell membrane, considered the fundamental substance of life.
106
-plasm
Definition: Refers to a mold, form, or formative substance.
Example: Cytoplasm - the gel-like substance within a cell that gives it structure and shape.
107
-plastic
Definition: Relating to growth, formation, or repair.
Example: Dysplastic - pertaining to abnormal growth or development of cells or tissue.
108
platy-
Definition: broad.
Example: Platypnea - difficulty breathing when lying flat.
109
-plegia
Definition: Paralysis.
Example: Hemiplegia - paralysis affecting one side of the body.
110
pleur/o-
Definition: Relating to the pleura (the membrane surrounding the lungs).
Example: Pleuritis - inflammation of the pleura.
111
-ploid
Definition: Refers to the number of sets of chromosomes.
Example: Haploid - having one set of chromosomes.
112
plur/i-
Definition: Many or more.
Example: Pluripotent - capable of developing into multiple cell types.
113
pneo-
Definition: Breathing.
Example: Apnea - temporary cessation of breathing.
114
pneum-, pneuma-, pneumato-
Definition: Air, gas, or lung.
Example: Pneumatology - the study of gases or air.
115
pneumo-, pneumono-
Definition: Relating to the lungs or air.
Example: Pneumonia - infection causing inflammation of the lungs.
116
pod/o-
Definition: Foot.
Example: Podiatry - the branch of medicine dealing with the foot.
117
poikil/o-
Definition: Varied or irregular.
Example: Poikilocytosis - presence of abnormally shaped red blood cells.
118
-poiesis, -poietic
Definition: Formation or production.
Examples:
Hematopoiesis - the production of blood cells.
Erythropoietic - relating to the production of red blood cells.
119
polio-
Definition: Gray, often referring to the gray matter of the nervous system.
Example: Poliomyelitis - inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
120
poly-
Definition: Many or much.
Example: Polyuria - excessive production of urine.
121
post-
Definition: After
Example: Postoperative - occurring after surgery.
122
postero-
Definition: Back or posterior.
Example: Posterolateral - located behind and to the side.
123
-praxis
Definition: Action or practice.
Example: Apraxia - inability to perform purposeful movements despite having the desire and physical capacity to do so.
124
pre-
Definition: Before or in front of.
Example: Prenatal - occurring before birth.
125
presby-
Definition: Old age.
Example: Presbyopia - age-related difficulty focusing on close objects.
126
pro-
Definition: Before
Example: Prognosis - a prediction of the outcome of a disease.
127
proct/o-
Definition: Refers to the rectum or anus.
Example: Proctoscopy - a procedure involving the examination of the rectum using a specialized instrument.
128
proso-
Definition: Forward or anterior.
Example: Prosopagnosia - inability to recognize faces (literally "forward" face recognition).
129
prostat/o-
Definition: Prostate gland.
Example: Prostatitis - inflammation of the prostate gland.
130
proto-
Definition: First or lowest series of compounds with the same elements.
Example: Prototype - the first or original model.
130
pseud/o-
Definition: False.
Example: Pseudocyst - a false cyst that lacks a true epithelial lining.
131
psych/o-
Definition: Mind or mental processes.
Example: Psychology - the study of the mind and behavior.
132
psychro-
Definition: Cold.
Example: Psychrometry - measurement of cold and moisture in the air.
133
-ptosis
Definition: Drooping or falling.
Example: Blepharoptosis - drooping of the eyelid.
134
pubio-, pubo-
Definition: Relating to the pubis or pubic region.
Example: Pubalgia - pain in the pubic area, often associated with sports injuries.
135
pulmo-
Definition: lungs.
Example: Pulmonary - pertaining to the lungs.
136
py/o-
Definition: Referring to pus.
Example: Pyorrhea - discharge of pus from the gums, often seen in gum disease.
137
pych-, pycno-, pykn-, pkno-
Definition: Referring to density or thickness. or frequent
Example: Pyknosis - the condensation of the nucleus in cells, typically in the context of cell death or abnormal growth.
138
pyelo-
Definition: Referring to the renal pelvis (part of the kidney).
Example: Pyelonephritis - inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney, often due to infection.
139
pyg/o-
Definition: buttocks .
Example: Pygomelia - abnormal development of the buttocks.
140
pyle-
Definition: Referring to a gate or opening, especially in the context of vessels. (Portal Vein)
Example: Pyloric - relating to the pylorus, the opening from the stomach to the small intestine.
141
pyloro-
Definition: Relating to the pylorus, which is the opening between the stomach and the duodenum.
Example: Pyloroplasty - surgical procedure to widen the pyloric opening, typically to treat pyloric stenosis.
142
pyreto-
Definition: fever.
Example: Pyretic - relating to or producing fever.
143
pyro-
Definition: Relating to heat or fire.
Example: Pyrogenic - producing or causing fever.
144
quadr/i-
Definition: Four.
Example: Quadriplegia - paralysis of all four limbs.
145
quinqu-
Definition: Five.
Example: Quinquennial - occurring every five years.
146
rachi/o-
Definition: Spine
Example: Rachitis - inflammation of the spine, often seen in cases of rickets.
147
radio-
Definition: Relating to radiation or rays, especially in the context of x-rays or radioactivity.
Example: Radiology - the branch of medicine that deals with the use of imaging to diagnose and treat diseases.
148
re-
Definition: Again or back.
Example: Regeneration - the process of growing or being created again.
149
recto-
Definition: Referring to the rectum.
Example: Rectoscopy - the examination of the rectum using a scope.
150
retro-
Definition: Behind, backward, or in the past.
Example: Retroperitoneal - located behind the peritoneum (the membrane lining the abdominal cavity).
151
rheo-, -rrhea
Definition: Flow, discharge, or flow of fluid.
Example: Diarrhea - frequent, watery bowel movements, often associated with gastrointestinal disturbances.
152
rhino-
Definition: nose.
Example: Rhinitis - inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes.
153
rhizo-
Definition: Referring to roots, particularly nerve roots or plant roots.
Example: Rhizotomy - a surgical procedure to cut nerve roots to treat certain types of chronic pain.
154
rhodo-
Definition: Referring to a red colour
Example: Rhodochrosite - a pink, rose-colored mineral.
155
roseo-
Definition: Rosy or pink in color.
Example: Rosacea - a skin condition characterized by redness, often with visible blood vessels on the face.
156
-rrhage, -rrhagia
Definition: Excessive flow or discharge, usually of blood.
Example: Hemorrhage - excessive bleeding, either internal or external.
157
-rraphy
Definition: Surgical suturing or stitching.
Example: Herniorrhaphy - surgical repair of a hernia, usually by suturing the tissue.
158
-rrhexis
Definition: Rupture or bursting.
Example: Myorrhexis - rupture of a muscle.
159
reticulo-
Definition: Referring to a network or mesh-like structure, often describing a web or net.
Example: Reticulum - a network or mesh, particularly used in biological contexts such as the "reticulum" in the reticuloendothelial system (a network of cells involved in immunity and filtration), or the reticulum of certain cells (like in the cytoplasm of a cell) that forms a supportive network.
160
rhabdo-
Definition: Refers to something that is rod-shaped, particularly used in contexts relating to muscle fibers or microorganisms.
Example: Rhabdomyocytes - muscle cells, especially striated muscle cells, that are shaped like rods.
161
sacchar/o-
Definition: Refers to sugar.
Example: Saccharide - a sugar molecule, such as glucose or sucrose.
162
sacro-
Definition: Refers to the sacrum (a triangular bone at the base of the spine).
Example: Sacroiliac joint - the joint between the sacrum and the iliac bones of the pelvis.
163
salping/o-
Definition: Refers to the fallopian tubes or eustachian tubes.
Example: Salpingitis - inflammation of the fallopian tubes.
164
sapro-
Definition: Refers to decay or rotten material.
Example: Saprophytic - organisms, such as fungi, that live on decaying organic matter.
165
sarco-
Definition: Refers to flesh or muscular tissue.
Example: Sarcoplasm - the cytoplasm of a muscle cell.
166
scapho-
Definition: Refers to something boat-shaped.
Example: Scaphoid bone - a boat-shaped bone in the wrist.
167
scapulo-
Definition: Refers to the scapula (shoulder blade).
Example: Scapulothoracic - relating to the scapula and the thorax.
168
scato-
Definition: Refers to feces.
Example: Scatology - the scientific study of feces.
169
schisto-
Definition: Refers to a split or cleft.
Example: Schistocyte - a fragmented red blood cell often seen in certain types of anemia.
170
schizo-
Definition: Refers to split or division.
Example: Schizophrenia - a mental disorder characterized by a split between thought, emotion, and behavior.
171
scirrho-
Definition: Refers to hard, usually associated with fibrous or hard tissues.
Example: Scirrhous carcinoma - a hard, fibrous type of cancer.
172
sclero-
Definition: Refers to hardness, particularly abnormal hardening.
Example: Scleroderma - a condition characterized by hardening of the skin.
173
-sclerosis
Definition: Refers to abnormal hardening of tissue.
Example: Arteriosclerosis - hardening of the arteries.
174
-scope
Definition: An instrument for viewing or examining.
Example: Microscope - an instrument for viewing small objects.
175
-scopy
Definition: The process or act of examining with a scope.
Example: Endoscopy - the use of a scope to examine the interior of the body.
176
scoto-
Definition: Refers to darkness.
Example: Scotoma - an area of partial or complete loss of vision, often described as a "dark spot" in the visual field.
177
sebo-
Definition: Refers to sebum or sebaceous glands.
Example: Seborrhea - excessive discharge of sebum from the sebaceous glands.
178
semi-
Definition: Half or partial.
Example: Semicircular - shaped like half a circle.
179
septi-
Definition: Refers to infection or the number seven (depending on the context).
Example: Septicemia - a systemic infection in the bloodstream.
180
sero-
Definition: Refers to serum or clear bodily fluid.
Example: Serology - the study of blood serum, especially with respect to immune responses.
181
sesqui-
Definition: One and a half times.
Example: Sesquicentennial - the 150th anniversary of an event.
182
sial/o-
Definition: Refers to saliva or salivary glands.
Example: Sialolith - a stone formed in a salivary gland.
183
sidero-
Definition: Refers to iron, steel.
Example: Sideroblastic anemia - a type of anemia associated with iron abnormalities in red blood cells.
184
sistio-, sisto-
Definition: Refers to stopping or standing still.
Example: Hemostasis - the stopping of bleeding.
185
skeleto-
Definition: Refers to the skeleton or bones.
Example: Skeletal muscle - muscle attached to the skeleton that facilitates movement.
186
skia-
Definition: Refers to shadows or images.
Example: Skiagraphy - the production of shadow images using x-rays (early term for radiography).
187
sodio-
Definition: Refers to sodium.
Example: Sodium chloride - the chemical name for table salt.
188
somat/o-
Definition: Refers to the body.
Example: Somatic cells - the cells of the body that are not involved in reproduction.
189
spectro-
Definition: Refers to spectrum or light.
Example: Spectroscopy - the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
190
sperm-, spermat/o-
Definition: Refers to sperm or seed.
Example: Spermatogenesis - the process of sperm cell development.
191
sphero-
Definition: Refers to a sphere or round shape.
Example: Spherocyte - an abnormally round red blood cell, often seen in certain blood disorders.
192
sphygmo-
Definition: Refers to the pulse.
Example: Sphygmomanometer - a device used to measure blood pressure.
193
spir/o-
Definition: breathe
Example: Spirometry - the measurement of lung function and airflow.
194
spleno-
Definition: Refers to the spleen.
Example: Splenomegaly - enlargement of the spleen.
195
spondyl/o-
Definition: Refers to the vertebra or spine.
Example: Spondylitis - inflammation of the vertebrae.
196
spongio-
Definition: Refers to something spongy or porous.
Example: Spongiform - having a spongy or porous texture.
197
staphylo-
Definition: Refers to grapelike clusters, often used for bacteria that form such shapes.
Example: Staphylococcus - a genus of bacteria that form clusters resembling grapes.
198
steato-
Definition: fat
Example: Steatosis - abnormal accumulation of fat in cells, commonly in the liver.
199
steno-
Definition: Refers to narrow or constricted.
Example: Stenosis - abnormal narrowing of a passage or vessel in the body.
200
sterco-
Definition: feces.
Example: Stercoraceous - relating to or consisting of feces.
201
sterno-
Definition: Refers to the sternum (breastbone).
Example: Sternocleidomastoid muscle - a muscle attached to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process.
202
stere/o-
Definition: Refers to solid or three-dimensional.
Example: Stereoscopy - the process of creating or viewing three-dimensional images.
203
stetho-
Definition: Refers to the chest.
Example: Stethoscope - an instrument used to listen to sounds in the chest, such as the heartbeat.
204
stomato-
Definition: Refers to the mouth.
Example: Stomatitis - inflammation of the mouth.
205
strepto-
Definition: twisted
Example: Streptococcus - a genus of bacteria that form chain-like structures.
206
sub-
Definition: Refers to under or below.
Example: Subcutaneous - situated or applied under the skin.
207
super-
Definition: Refers to above or excessive.
Example: Superficial - located near the surface.
208
supra-
Definition: Refers to above or over.
Example: Suprarenal - located above the kidneys (referring to the adrenal glands).
209
syn-, sym-
Definition: Refers to together, with, or joined.
Example: Synthesis - the process of combining elements to form a whole.
Example: Symbiosis - interaction between two different organisms living together in close association.
