Hort 100 Flashcards
1
Q
Macronutrients
A
are required in larger amounts and often supplied through fertilizers.
2
Q
What are the primary macronutrients
A
Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium.
3
Q
What are the secondary macronutrients?
A
Sulfur, calcium, and magnesium
4
Q
Micronutrients
A
Required in small amounts, present in adequate amounts via fertilization, and is applied less often.
5
Q
What are organic fertilizers?
A
Manure, compost, plant and animal derived fertilizers
6
Q
what does soil pH affect?
A
the nutrient availability
7
Q
Chlorosis
A
the abnormal yellowing of leaves in plants
8
Q
Why use soil amendments?
A
Increase fertility
Enhance nutrient retention, storage and exchange
Porosity
Water and air movement
9
Q
What is considered soil amendments?
A
Organic matter, fertilizers, sand, lime and gymsum (fertilizers), inoculants and stimulants.
10
Q
Surface Irrigation
A
Over soil surface, gravity, traditional method, has high evaporation rate.
11
Q
Sprinkler Irrigation
A
Overhead, like rainfall. More efficient, more issues with diseases
12
Q
Drip/trickle Irrigation
A
Low volume, slow. Very efficient, standard for horticulture production
13
Q
Subsurface Irrigation
A
Applied at root zone, involves drip type, capillary action.
14
Q
Most efficient
A
Subsurface Irrigation
15
Q
What factors influence choice of irrigation type of growers?
A
Soil type, crop and cost
16
Q
The affect of very (low acidic or high pH levels can cause what?
A
Aluminum to become soluable
17
Q
What substrates have higher nutrient value
A
Clay, loam and highly organic soils.
18
Q
Pros of Synthetic fertilizers
A
Easily applied,readily available, cost effective, predictable and reliable response
19
Q
Cons of synthetic fertilizers
A
Negatively affect soils, not certified organic, leach into water, large carbon footprint.
20
Q
Pros of animal manures
A
Excellent source of organic matter and nutrients for soil
Stabilizes the nitrogen
Reduces vitality of weed seeds
Reduces disease pathogens
21
Q
Ornamental Horticulture
A
the use of plants for their beauty (landscape and floriculture.
22
Q
Landscape horticulture
A
production of plants to beautify environment
23
Q
Landscape designs
A
practice of creating a plan for best use of space in an an attractive way
24
Q
Landscape construction
A
installation of landscapes
25
Nursery production
production of plants for landscape
26
Landscape maintenance
maintaining of plants in landscapeses
27
What is hardscaping?
```
Retaining walls
fences
terraces
patios
walkways
drives
pools
```
28
What are factors that influence landscapes?
```
terrain
climate
home
buildings
structures
intended use
clients wants
```
29
Knowledge of a landscape designer
Plant identification
cultural requirements of plants
construction practices
principles of designs
30
What are the steps in landscape designs?
Assemble base plan
conduct a site analysis (existing vegetation, hardscapes)
Client evaluation (assess family needs and desires)
Develop a bubble diagram (locate private, public, service, and utility areas
Design landscape plan (pencil drawing, then color
Plant selection and placement
31
What is included in landscape maintenance?
```
care of landscape after installation
mowing grass
pruning plants
pest control
cultivating soil
planting and weeding
applying mulch
removing leaves
```
32
Landscape construction
take design plans and create a landscape with it
33
How many types of nursery production is there?
3. Bare product
Balled and burlap
Containerized plants
34
Bare Root
sold without soil and is less expensive to ship but only sold in early spring, requires more skill in planting/ care/.
35
Balled and Burlap
Grown in a field for 2-5 years
36
Hardiness zones
Allow you to select varieties and species that are more likely to survive that area.
37
garden microclimates?
Expands hardiness zones.
38
Examples of microclimates
South or west exposure
protected from wind
rocks (for thermal masks or mass)
good drainage
39
What is clilling/ frost/ freezing tolerance?
The ability to acclimate to and become winter dormant to allow plant to survive cold to extremely cold temperatures.
40
Chilling
injury that occurs below 32 degrees Farenheit. Freezing injury can occur in absence of frost.
41
What is soil?
Sand, salt, and clay - along with organic matter, soil, microbes and other soil fauna.
42
What are the advantages of using soil?
it exists, inexepensive, "natural", vital to life, holds substantial nutrients, retains water, provides healthy root environment.
43
Disadvantages of using soil?
increases potential for disease,insects, weeds,difficult to manipulate growth,heavy, compaction, salinity.
44
What is soil health?
the capacity of a soil to function within an ecosystem and land use boundaries to sustain biological productivity, main environmental quality, promote plant, animal, and human health.
45
Problem with using soil in horticulture?
```
low porosity
poor root growth (compacted)
too wet, slow to warm in spring
requires tillage (to loosen)
poor drainage
unhealthy roots, poor growth
Rocks/gravel
pH too low (acidic), too high (basic)
fertility
temperatures
pathogens, insects, weeds
```
46
What is a healthy soil?
```
High porosity
drains well
good air exchange
healthy root growth
reduces chances of diseases
utilization of soil nutrients
```
47
The problem of soil compaction?
```
Reduce soil health
particles are pushed together
air space is decreased
roots can penetrate soil
reduce gas exchange
reduced nutrient/water uptake
lower yields
susceptible to disease
```
48
Importance of water:
balance of plants
| required for photosynthesis
49
Water makes up how much of a cell is water?
80-90%
50
How much water is in a carrot?
85-95%
51
How much water is in wood?
35-75%
52
How much water is in seeds?
5-15%
53
Transpiration
when water is lost through leaves
54
Turgor pressure
pressure created by water inside the cell against the cell
55
What is the driving force for water from the soil to the plant to the atmosphere?
Differences in:
H2o vapor
water potential
hydro static pressure
56
What are specialized cells in the stomata?
Guard cells
57
What happens to stomata when water is limited?
Stomata will open less or remain closed on sunny morning, stomata resistance.
58
Transpiration ratio:
The effectiveness of controlling water loss and allowing CO2 uptake for photosynthesis
59
Co2 diffusion rate
1.6 times slower than water
60
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6H20+ sunlight--->C6H12O6+6O2
| Carbon dioxide + water + energy ---->glucose + oxygeny
61
Cellular respiration
C6 H12 O6 +6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O +38 ATP
| glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + energy
62
What does photosynthesis do?
```
Produces carbohydrates
stores energy
occurs in chloroplasts
releases energy
uses water and carbon dioxide
occurs in sunlight
```
63
What does respiration do?
```
Uses carbohydrates
releases energy
occurs in all cells
uses oxygen
produces carbon dioxide and water
occurs in darkness and light
```
64
How does photosynthesis differ from solar cells?
light energy stored:
sugars
coal, oil
3-6% of light energy is converted to carbohydrates
65
Which is more efficient (photosynthesis or solar cell)
Photosynthetic cells are 12-17% more efficient
66
Vapotranspiration
water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.
67
What affects the rate of transpiration?
Wind (increases)
Light (increases)
Temperature (increases)
humidity (decreases)
68
Translocation
The movement of materials within a plant: sugars, sources and sinks that move through the phloem (bidirectional).
69
What factors affect photosynthesis?
Light quality and intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide and water availability.
70
Light quality
wavelengths that favor photosynthesis
71
Light intensity
shade, clouds, indoor/outdoor; duration
72
Temperature
heat/cold can affect photosynthesis rate and ability of reactions to occur (peak then decrease)
73
Carbon dioxide (Co2) concentration
increasing CO2 concentration increases photosynthesis
74
Water availability
water needed for photosynthesis; affects stomatal opening/ closing
75
Why do plants look green?
red/blue wavelengths are best for driving photosynthesis
76
C3 photosynthesis
cool season plants, photorespiration is a problem
77
C4 photosynthesis
warm season/ tropical plants no photorespiration
78
CAM photosynthesis
cacti/ succulents, CO2 converted to malic acid
79
Photorespiration
favored bu constant high temperatures (>8), long days. bright sunlight, poor air movement and drought stress
80
Where does carbon fixation occur in C4 leaves?
In bundles sheath cells where O2 concentration is lower
81
What plants are less efficient
C3 plants are 50% less efficient at CO2 fixation than C4
82
What does CAM stand for?
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
83
what is a greenhouse?
a structure that is covered with a transparent material that allow sufficient sunlight to enter for the purpose of growing plants.
84
Why use a greenhouse?
to grow crops out of season
grow crops not adapted
to speed up growth of crops
85
Types of commercial greenhouse production
fresh flowers. flowering, foliage plants, vegetable production, woody ornamentals and bedding plants
86
Fresh flowers
flowers which are cut from the plant prior to sale (roses, mums, carnations)
87
Flowering plants
flowering plants that are sold in containers (chysanthemum)
88
Foliage plants
potted plants valued for foliage rather than flowers (ivies, ficus. ferns)
89
Bedding plants
young plants sold for planting around building ( vegetables, impatiens, marigold)
90
Vegetable production
Vegetables grown to maturity (tomatoes, lettuce)
91
Woody ornamental plant propogation
cuttings etc
92
Even span
two roof slopes of equal width and pitch
93
Gothic arch
pointed no trusses
94
Quonset
semicircle structure
95
Ridge and furrow
connected around eaves
96
lean to
attached to existing building
97
cold frame
no heating or cooling
98
trusses
composed of rafters, chords, and or struts that support the roof
99
Glass covering
good light transmission, but breakable and most expensive
100
Flexible plastic film
mostly polyethylene, inexpensive and easily built, but not durable
101
Rigid plastic sheets
fiberglass, acryllic, polycarbonate: lightweight and durable but more expensive
102
Types of heating systems used in greenhouse?
Boilers
unit heaters
Radiant or infrared heaters
103
What does Btu mean and do?
British thermal units: and is the measurement of heat required to raise one pound of water one degree F also used to measure/ compare heating systems.
104
What is the optimum temperature for greenhouses?
60-80 F
105
Cooling and ventilation types used in greenhouses?
```
No cooling
natural ventilation
fan and shutter cooling
evaporative cooling
shade cloth
```
106
Con of not using/having cooling system?
Temperature can exceed 140 degrees F killing plants
107
Fan and shutter cooling
outdoor air is introduced through motorized shutters, exhaust fans push out hot air, temperature is maintained within 10 degrees F of outdoors
108
Who grows the most flowers?
Netherlands (hydrophonic greenhouses)
