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Plant Basics > Hort 100 > Flashcards

Hort 100 Flashcards

1
Q

Macronutrients

A

are required in larger amounts and often supplied through fertilizers.

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2
Q

What are the primary macronutrients

A

Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium.

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3
Q

What are the secondary macronutrients?

A

Sulfur, calcium, and magnesium

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4
Q

Micronutrients

A

Required in small amounts, present in adequate amounts via fertilization, and is applied less often.

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5
Q

What are organic fertilizers?

A

Manure, compost, plant and animal derived fertilizers

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6
Q

what does soil pH affect?

A

the nutrient availability

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7
Q

Chlorosis

A

the abnormal yellowing of leaves in plants

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8
Q

Why use soil amendments?

A

Increase fertility
Enhance nutrient retention, storage and exchange
Porosity
Water and air movement

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9
Q

What is considered soil amendments?

A

Organic matter, fertilizers, sand, lime and gymsum (fertilizers), inoculants and stimulants.

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10
Q

Surface Irrigation

A

Over soil surface, gravity, traditional method, has high evaporation rate.

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11
Q

Sprinkler Irrigation

A

Overhead, like rainfall. More efficient, more issues with diseases

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12
Q

Drip/trickle Irrigation

A

Low volume, slow. Very efficient, standard for horticulture production

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13
Q

Subsurface Irrigation

A

Applied at root zone, involves drip type, capillary action.

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14
Q

Most efficient

A

Subsurface Irrigation

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15
Q

What factors influence choice of irrigation type of growers?

A

Soil type, crop and cost

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16
Q

The affect of very (low acidic or high pH levels can cause what?

A

Aluminum to become soluable

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17
Q

What substrates have higher nutrient value

A

Clay, loam and highly organic soils.

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18
Q

Pros of Synthetic fertilizers

A

Easily applied,readily available, cost effective, predictable and reliable response

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19
Q

Cons of synthetic fertilizers

A

Negatively affect soils, not certified organic, leach into water, large carbon footprint.

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20
Q

Pros of animal manures

A

Excellent source of organic matter and nutrients for soil
Stabilizes the nitrogen
Reduces vitality of weed seeds
Reduces disease pathogens

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21
Q

Ornamental Horticulture

A

the use of plants for their beauty (landscape and floriculture.

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22
Q

Landscape horticulture

A

production of plants to beautify environment

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23
Q

Landscape designs

A

practice of creating a plan for best use of space in an an attractive way

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24
Q

Landscape construction

A

installation of landscapes

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25
Q

Nursery production

A

production of plants for landscape

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26
Q

Landscape maintenance

A

maintaining of plants in landscapeses

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27
Q

What is hardscaping?

A 
Retaining walls 
fences 
terraces 
patios 
walkways 
drives  
pools
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28
Q

What are factors that influence landscapes?

A 
terrain 
climate 
home 
buildings 
structures 
intended use 
clients wants
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29
Q

Knowledge of a landscape designer

A

Plant identification
cultural requirements of plants
construction practices
principles of designs

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30
Q

What are the steps in landscape designs?

A

Assemble base plan
conduct a site analysis (existing vegetation, hardscapes)
Client evaluation (assess family needs and desires)
Develop a bubble diagram (locate private, public, service, and utility areas
Design landscape plan (pencil drawing, then color
Plant selection and placement

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31
Q

What is included in landscape maintenance?

A 
care of landscape after installation 
mowing grass 
pruning plants 
pest control 
cultivating soil  
planting and weeding 
applying mulch  
removing leaves
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32
Q

Landscape construction

A

take design plans and create a landscape with it

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33
Q

How many types of nursery production is there?

A
  1. Bare product
    Balled and burlap
    Containerized plants
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34
Q

Bare Root

A

sold without soil and is less expensive to ship but only sold in early spring, requires more skill in planting/ care/.

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35
Q

Balled and Burlap

A

Grown in a field for 2-5 years

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36
Q

Hardiness zones

A

Allow you to select varieties and species that are more likely to survive that area.

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37
Q

garden microclimates?

A

Expands hardiness zones.

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38
Q

Examples of microclimates

A

South or west exposure
protected from wind
rocks (for thermal masks or mass)
good drainage

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39
Q

What is clilling/ frost/ freezing tolerance?

A

The ability to acclimate to and become winter dormant to allow plant to survive cold to extremely cold temperatures.

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40
Q

Chilling

A

injury that occurs below 32 degrees Farenheit. Freezing injury can occur in absence of frost.

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41
Q

What is soil?

A

Sand, salt, and clay - along with organic matter, soil, microbes and other soil fauna.

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42
Q

What are the advantages of using soil?

A

it exists, inexepensive, “natural”, vital to life, holds substantial nutrients, retains water, provides healthy root environment.

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43
Q

Disadvantages of using soil?

A

increases potential for disease,insects, weeds,difficult to manipulate growth,heavy, compaction, salinity.

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44
Q

What is soil health?

A

the capacity of a soil to function within an ecosystem and land use boundaries to sustain biological productivity, main environmental quality, promote plant, animal, and human health.

45
Q

Problem with using soil in horticulture?

A 
low porosity 
poor root growth (compacted) 
too wet, slow to warm in spring 
requires tillage (to loosen) 
poor drainage  
unhealthy roots, poor growth 
Rocks/gravel 
pH too low (acidic), too high (basic) 
fertility 
temperatures 
pathogens, insects, weeds
46
Q

What is a healthy soil?

A 
High porosity 
drains well 
good air exchange 
healthy root growth 
reduces chances of diseases 
utilization of soil nutrients
47
Q

The problem of soil compaction?

A 
Reduce soil health 
particles are pushed together 
air space is decreased 
roots can penetrate soil 
reduce gas exchange 
reduced nutrient/water uptake 
lower yields 
susceptible to disease
48
Q

Importance of water:

A

balance of plants

required for photosynthesis

49
Q

Water makes up how much of a cell is water?

A

80-90%

50
Q

How much water is in a carrot?

A

85-95%

51
Q

How much water is in wood?

A

35-75%

52
Q

How much water is in seeds?

A

5-15%

53
Q

Transpiration

A

when water is lost through leaves

54
Q

Turgor pressure

A

pressure created by water inside the cell against the cell

55
Q

What is the driving force for water from the soil to the plant to the atmosphere?

A

Differences in:
H2o vapor
water potential
hydro static pressure

56
Q

What are specialized cells in the stomata?

A

Guard cells

57
Q

What happens to stomata when water is limited?

A

Stomata will open less or remain closed on sunny morning, stomata resistance.

58
Q

Transpiration ratio:

A

The effectiveness of controlling water loss and allowing CO2 uptake for photosynthesis

59
Q

Co2 diffusion rate

A

1.6 times slower than water

60
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 6H20+ sunlight—>C6H12O6+6O2

Carbon dioxide + water + energy —->glucose + oxygeny

61
Q

Cellular respiration

A

C6 H12 O6 +6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O +38 ATP

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

62
Q

What does photosynthesis do?

A 
Produces carbohydrates 
stores energy 
occurs in chloroplasts 
releases energy 
uses water and carbon dioxide 
occurs in sunlight
63
Q

What does respiration do?

A 
Uses carbohydrates 
releases energy 
occurs in all cells 
uses oxygen 
produces carbon dioxide and water 
occurs in darkness and light
64
Q

How does photosynthesis differ from solar cells?

A

light energy stored:
sugars
coal, oil
3-6% of light energy is converted to carbohydrates

65
Q

Which is more efficient (photosynthesis or solar cell)

A

Photosynthetic cells are 12-17% more efficient

66
Q

Vapotranspiration

A

water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.

67
Q

What affects the rate of transpiration?

A

Wind (increases)
Light (increases)
Temperature (increases)
humidity (decreases)

68
Q

Translocation

A

The movement of materials within a plant: sugars, sources and sinks that move through the phloem (bidirectional).

69
Q

What factors affect photosynthesis?

A

Light quality and intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide and water availability.

70
Q

Light quality

A

wavelengths that favor photosynthesis

71
Q

Light intensity

A

shade, clouds, indoor/outdoor; duration

72
Q

Temperature

A

heat/cold can affect photosynthesis rate and ability of reactions to occur (peak then decrease)

73
Q

Carbon dioxide (Co2) concentration

A

increasing CO2 concentration increases photosynthesis

74
Q

Water availability

A

water needed for photosynthesis; affects stomatal opening/ closing

75
Q

Why do plants look green?

A

red/blue wavelengths are best for driving photosynthesis

76
Q

C3 photosynthesis

A

cool season plants, photorespiration is a problem

77
Q

C4 photosynthesis

A

warm season/ tropical plants no photorespiration

78
Q

CAM photosynthesis

A

cacti/ succulents, CO2 converted to malic acid

79
Q

Photorespiration

A

favored bu constant high temperatures (>8), long days. bright sunlight, poor air movement and drought stress

80
Q

Where does carbon fixation occur in C4 leaves?

A

In bundles sheath cells where O2 concentration is lower

81
Q

What plants are less efficient

A

C3 plants are 50% less efficient at CO2 fixation than C4

82
Q

What does CAM stand for?

A

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

83
Q

what is a greenhouse?

A

a structure that is covered with a transparent material that allow sufficient sunlight to enter for the purpose of growing plants.

84
Q

Why use a greenhouse?

A

to grow crops out of season
grow crops not adapted
to speed up growth of crops

85
Q

Types of commercial greenhouse production

A

fresh flowers. flowering, foliage plants, vegetable production, woody ornamentals and bedding plants

86
Q

Fresh flowers

A

flowers which are cut from the plant prior to sale (roses, mums, carnations)

87
Q

Flowering plants

A

flowering plants that are sold in containers (chysanthemum)

88
Q

Foliage plants

A

potted plants valued for foliage rather than flowers (ivies, ficus. ferns)

89
Q

Bedding plants

A

young plants sold for planting around building ( vegetables, impatiens, marigold)

90
Q

Vegetable production

A

Vegetables grown to maturity (tomatoes, lettuce)

91
Q

Woody ornamental plant propogation

A

cuttings etc

92
Q

Even span

A

two roof slopes of equal width and pitch

93
Q

Gothic arch

A

pointed no trusses

94
Q

Quonset

A

semicircle structure

95
Q

Ridge and furrow

A

connected around eaves

96
Q

lean to

A

attached to existing building

97
Q

cold frame

A

no heating or cooling

98
Q

trusses

A

composed of rafters, chords, and or struts that support the roof

99
Q

Glass covering

A

good light transmission, but breakable and most expensive

100
Q

Flexible plastic film

A

mostly polyethylene, inexpensive and easily built, but not durable

101
Q

Rigid plastic sheets

A

fiberglass, acryllic, polycarbonate: lightweight and durable but more expensive

102
Q

Types of heating systems used in greenhouse?

A

Boilers
unit heaters
Radiant or infrared heaters

103
Q

What does Btu mean and do?

A

British thermal units: and is the measurement of heat required to raise one pound of water one degree F also used to measure/ compare heating systems.

104
Q

What is the optimum temperature for greenhouses?

A

60-80 F

105
Q

Cooling and ventilation types used in greenhouses?

A 
No cooling 
natural ventilation 
fan and shutter cooling 
evaporative cooling  
shade cloth
106
Q

Con of not using/having cooling system?

A

Temperature can exceed 140 degrees F killing plants

107
Q

Fan and shutter cooling

A

outdoor air is introduced through motorized shutters, exhaust fans push out hot air, temperature is maintained within 10 degrees F of outdoors

108
Q

Who grows the most flowers?

A

Netherlands (hydrophonic greenhouses)

Plant Basics (5 decks)

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