Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Plant Basics > Basic Concepts (Modules 13-15) > Flashcards

Basic Concepts (Modules 13-15) Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of vascular plants benefit from fungi?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are fungi?

A

Major decomposers, pathogens, and mutualists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the characteristics of fungi?

A 
Eukaryotic 
Heterotrophic 
Saprodic decomposers, parasites, or mutualists 
Related to animals than plants  
Chitin in their cell walls 
Filamentous or unicellular (or both)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are filamentous fungi composed of?

A

Hyphae, which can form a mycelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a common trait between unicellular and filamentous fungi?

A

Both can reproduce either asexually, sexually or both. Spores can be produced sexually or asexually.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is in the cell wall of fungi?

A

Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What affects the length of hyphae?

A

Cytoplasmic streaming.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The importance of a high surface area?

A

The volume ratio of hyphae makes fungi very efficient at absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do fungi do?

A

Secrete enzymes into their substrate to break down organic compounds, then absorb smaller organic molecules (decomposers, pathogens, mutualists).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do fungi that are mutualistic with plant roots have?

A

Mycorrhizae “fungus roots”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Benefits of mycorrhizae for vascular plants and some conifers and orchids?

A

Provides water and nutrients from soil
More efficient than plant roots alone- much greater surface area
Protects plants roots
Plants provide carbs and other nutrients
Affect the relationship between plants
Affect competitive interactions between invasive species and native species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are endophytes?

A

Neutral or beneficial fungi found in plant tissues. Fights against pathogens and stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are lichens?

A

fungi in mutualism with algae and cyanobacteria (provide protection from light and desiccation as well as physical protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the types of pollination?

A

Wind, by animals,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the benefits of wind pollination?

A 
Don't need to attract pollinators 
Male flowers are higher 
Grows in large populations 
Lots of pollen 
Long stigma/style 
Ex: Corn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Animal pollinated plants

A

Offer rewards such as nectar, pollen, oil, site for egg-laying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pollination by animals?

A

Signals that attract pollinators

Relationships general or specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What kind of signals might a plant use?

A

Visual signals (colors, markings, shapes)
Olfactory signals
Temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What keeps bees from falling off flowers?

A

Velcro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What attracts bats to flowers?

A

Usually open at night, pale and very fragrant with large quantities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the main disadvantage to specialized pollination?

A

Dependent upon pollinator populations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the advantages to specialized pollination?

A

More assurance of pollination if rare.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a selective pressure?

A

The need to attract pollinators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is outcrossing preferrable?

A

Genetic recombination, avoids inbreeding,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When might selfing be more favorable?

A

when individuals are mored adapted/stable in their environment, or if pollinators are unreliable or absent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Mutualistic partnerships

A

Mycorrhizae and plants
Nitrogen fixing bacteria and plants
Pollinators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is pollinator confusion?

A

When subspecies overlap.

28
Q

How has drought and heat stress affected plants and seedlings.

A

Reduced the range within which seedlings survive.

29
Q

What is ecology?

A

The study of relationships of organisms to each of their environments.

30
Q

What is a population?

A

Groups of individuals of the same species that are connected geographically.

31
Q

What is a community?

A

Groups of populations living and interacting with each other in the same place.

32
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

Both the living and non-living components in an environment.

33
Q

What is something all organisms have in common?

A

All need to acquire and use energy.

34
Q

Producers

A

Acquire energy from the environment.

35
Q

Primary consumers

A

herbivores, feed directly on producers.

36
Q

Secondary consumers

A

Predators, feed on primary consumers.

37
Q

Decomposers

A

Break down dead organic materials

38
Q

Food chain/web

A

the flow of energy from/through trophic levels.

39
Q

Where is the most energy stored in trophic levels?

A

Primary producers

40
Q

What supports aquatic food chains?

A

Phytoplankton.

41
Q

What happens to chemical energy once acquired by producers?

A

It gets passed to other organisms.

42
Q

What trophic efficiency?

A

The fraction of energy passed on to the next trophic levels.

43
Q

Types of relationships between individuals and species?

A

Anyshonistic, mutually beneficial, or neutral

44
Q

What is mutualism?

A

When both parties benefit from the relationship.

45
Q

Predation or herbivory?

A

When one party consumes the other

46
Q

Competition

A

Fitness of both parties is reduced by appropriation or defense of resources.

47
Q

Commensalism

A

When one benefits and the other is unaffected.

48
Q

Where can carbon move from/ to?

A

Atmosphere and water, and aquatic food chain.

49
Q

Carbon in living organisms?

A

Photosynthesizing organisms take CO2 from the atmosphere and fix the carbon into organic molecules.

50
Q

How does the carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle differ in relation to plants?

A

Unlike carbon, plants cannot directly acquire nitrogen from the atmosphere.

51
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

Conversion of N2 to ammonia and compounds

52
Q

How is nitrogen returned to the atmosphere?

A

Certain bacteria and by human activitiy.

53
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

produces complex organic compounds from simple substances present in its surroundings,

54
Q

How are patterns of plant distribution determined?

A

Climate, temperature, and precipitation.

55
Q

How are biomes categorized?

A

plant characteristics and climate patterns.

56
Q

Tropical rain forest

A

Adaptions to compete for light or utilize low light

57
Q

Desert

A

adaptions to access water, reduce water loss, and protect from excess light

58
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect biome distribution?

A

Ocean currents
Continuality
Rain shadows

59
Q

Rain Shadows

A

As air is forced up and over mountains it cools and releases moisture.

60
Q

Continuality

A

Oceans moderate changes in air temp

61
Q

Elevation/Altitude

A

Affects temperature, humidity, wind, soils, etc.

62
Q

What are plants able to change?

A

The abiotic environment, provide and create microclimate.

63
Q

Temperate grasslands

A

Less rain, cold winters, hot summers, seasonal

64
Q

What is the largest biome?

A

Grasslands

65
Q

What is Ecosystem services?

A

Benefits to humans provided by an ecosystem.

(carbon storage, water filtration, and storage, and oxygen production.

66
Q

How are grasslands categorized?

A

Vegetation types: savanna or steppe

67
Q

Steppe (including prairies)

A

grasslands with no trees or just a few isolated trees

Plant Basics (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions