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clinical anatomy > horsey > Flashcards

horsey Flashcards

1
Q

what is the tarsus of the horse?

A

hock (hind limb)

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2
Q

what is the carpus of the horse and what limb?

A

knee
forelimb

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3
Q

medial splint bone

A

second metacarpus
MC2
medial metacarpal bone

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4
Q

lateral splint bone

A

fourth metacarpus
MC4
lateral metacarpal bone

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5
Q

cannon bone

A

third metacarpus
MC3

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6
Q

fetlock or ankle

A

metacarpo tarsophalangeal joint

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7
Q

long pastern bone

A

first phalanx
P1
proximal phalanx

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8
Q

short pastern bone

A

second phalanx
P2
middle phalanx

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9
Q

coffin bone

A

trd phalanx
P3
distal phalanx

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10
Q

what is a diagnostic perineural anesthesia?

A

nerve blocks

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11
Q

what are the four nerve block?

A

planar digital
abaxial sesamoid
low 4 point/ low palmar
high 4 point/ high palmar

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12
Q

what is arthrocentesis?

A

joint injection

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13
Q

what are the four joint injections?

A

-distal interphalangeal joint/coffin joint
-metacarpophalangeal joint/ fetlock
-middle carpal joint (carpus)
-radiocarpal joint (carpus)

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14
Q

what is the technique for doing nerve blocks?

A

needle bevel up
needle inserted SQ directly over nerve

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15
Q

what are the landmarks for palmar/plantar digital nerve block?

A

-medial and lateral palmar/plantar nerves
-collateral cartilages of foot

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16
Q

what is the technique for doing the palmar/plantar digital nerve block?

A

-palpate digital neruovascular bundle
-vein, artery, nerve from dorsal to palmar/plantar

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17
Q

what is desensitized in the palmar/plantar digital nerve block?

A

-palmar/plantar 2/3 of foot
entire sole
navicular structure
distal interphalangeal joint distal deep digital flexor tendon
distal sesamoidean lig

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18
Q

what are the landmarks for abaxial sesamoid nerve block?

A

-medial and lateral palmar/plantar nerves
-medial and lateral proximal sesamoid bones

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19
Q

technique for blocking abaxial sesamoid nerve

A

-palpate neurovascular bundle
-vein, artery, nerve from dorsal to palmar/plantar

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20
Q

what is desensitized in the abaxial sesamoid nerve block?

A

-foot
-second phalanx
-proximal interphalangeal joint
-distalpalmar/plantar aspect of proximal phalanx
-distal portions od SDFT & DDFT
-distal sesamoidean lig
-digital annular lig

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21
Q

landmarks for the low 4 point/ low palmar nerve block

A

-medial and lateral palmar nerves
–>between suspensory lig and DDFT
-medial and lateral palmar/plantar metacarpal nerves
–> between MC3 and MC2 (medial) & MC3 and MC4 (lateral)
-distal ends of MC2 (medial) and MC4 (lateral)

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22
Q

what is desensitized in low 4 point block

A

-metacarpo/tarsophalangeal joint and structures distal
-distal aspects of suspensory branches

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23
Q

ladmarks for high 4 point/ high palmar nerve block

A

-just distal carpometacarpal joint
-medial and lateral palmar nerves
–> dorsal surface DDFT
-medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves
–>between palmar surface of MC3 and axial surface MC2 (medial) or MC4 (lateral)

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24
Q

what is desensitized in high 4 point block?

A

-medial and lateral palmar nerves
–>DDFT and SDFT
-medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves
–>MC2, MC4, proximal suspensory lig/origin
-all 4
–>inferior check ligament

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25
Q

landmark for metacarpo-/-tarsophalangeal joint arthocenesis

A

-palmaro-/plantarodistal aspect oof MC/MT3
-dorsal edge of lateral branch of suspensory ligament
-distal end of MC/MT4
-lateral proximal sesamoid bone

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26
Q

what is desensitized in metacarpo-/-tarsophalangeal joint?

A

joint

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27
Q

joint of carpus

A

radiocarpal joint
middle/inter carpal joint
carpometacarpal joint

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28
Q

what lower 2 joints in the carpus interact in forelimb carpus “down in front”

A

middle/inter carpal joint
carpometacarpal joint

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29
Q

landmark for radiocarpal arthrocentesis

A

-flex carpus
-medial aspect of distal edge of radius
-proximal edge of radial carpal bone
-medial to extensor carpi radialis
-insert needle midway between radius and radial carpal bone

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30
Q

what is desensitized in radiocarpal joint arthocentesis

A

radiocarpal joint only
*no communication with other joints

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31
Q

landmarks for middle/intercarpal joint arthocentesis

A

-flex carpus
-distal edge of radial carpal bone
-medial aspect of proximal edge of third carpal bone
-meidal aspect of extensor carpi radialis tendon

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32
Q

what is desensitized when blocking the middle/intercarpal joint

A

-middle /intercarpal joint communicates with carpometacarpal joint
-DOWN IN FRONT (doesn’t require separate inj)

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33
Q

what is laminitis “founder”

A

inflammation of the laminae
(there is an epi dermal and dermal laminae)

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34
Q

what does degeneration of the laminae cause?

A

-rotation of P3
-sinking of P3 within hoof capsule

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35
Q

what is the most common cause of chronic forelimb lameness

A

navicular disease

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36
Q

what chronic degenerative conditions follow navicular disease?

A

-bone sclerosis (hardening) combine with damage to fibrocartilage on flexor surface
-traumatic fibrillation of DDFT
-enthesiophyte formation on proximal and distal borders of bone
-loss of medullary architecture

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37
Q

what structures can be affected when there are penetrating wounds of the foot?

A

-digital flexor tendon sheath
-navicular bursa
-distal interphalangeal joint
*synovial structures are the worst to hit

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38
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of tendon

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39
Q

desmitis

A

inflammation of ligament

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40
Q

how long does it take a tendon to heal

A

6 months

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41
Q

how long does it take ligament to heal

A

8 months

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42
Q

what is wrong

A

DDF tendonitis

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43
Q

what is wrong

A

suspensory ligament desmitis

44
Q

what type of laceration is this?

A

SDFT only

45
Q

what is lacerated?

A

SDFT and DDFT

46
Q

what is lacerated?

A

SDFT, DDFT, and SL

47
Q

joints of the tarsus

A

tibiotarsal joint (tarsocrural)
proximal intertarsal joint
distal intertarsal joint
tarsometatarsal joint

48
Q

landmarks and technique tarsometatarsal joint arthocentesis

A

-caudolateral aspect of tarsus
-head of MT4
-insert needle 1cm proximal to the head of MT4
-direct needle toward dorsomedial aspect of tarsus and slightly downward
-bury needle

49
Q

what is desensitized in tarsometatarsal joint arthrocentesis

A

joint

50
Q

landmarks and techniques distal intertarsal joint

A

-medial aspec of tarsus
-cunean tendon (meidal tendinous insertion of cranial tibial muscle)
-small T-shaped gap formed by fused 1st and 2nd tarsal bones, third tarsal bone, and central tarsal bone
-palpate w thumb nail

51
Q

what is desensitized in distal intertarsal joint

A

joint

52
Q

landmarks and technique in tibiotarsal/tarsocrural joint

A

-dorsal aspect of tarsus
-medial or lateral saphenous vein
-distal to medial malleolus tibia

53
Q

what is desensitized tibiotarsal/tarsocrural joint?

A

-tibiotarsal joint communicated with proximal intertarsal joint
*proximal intertarsal joint does not require separate injection

54
Q

what are the three patellar ligaments of the stifle?

A

medial
middle
lateral

55
Q

joints of the stifle

A

femoropatellar
medial femorotibial
lateral femorotibial

56
Q

what are the landmarks and technique for the femoropatellar joint block?

A

3-4 cm above proximal aspect of tibial tuberosity between middle and middle patellar lig

57
Q

what is desensitized when doing femoropatellar joint arthrocetesis?

A

-femoropatellar joint communicates with medial femorotibial joint in 65% of horses
-not really in lateral femorotibial

58
Q

landmarks and technique for medial femorotibial joint athrocentesis

A

-just above the palpable proximomedial edge of tibia
-between medial patellar ligament and medial femorotibial/collateral ligament

59
Q

what is desensitized when blocking the medial femorotibial joint?

A

-femoropatellar joint communicates with medial femorotibial joint in 65% of horses

60
Q

landmarks and technique for lateral femorotibial joint arthrocentesis

A

-caudal to lateral patellar ligament and just above proximolateral aspect of tibia
OR
-between lateral femorotibial/collateral ligament and origin of long digital extensor muscle

61
Q

what is desensitized when blocking lateral femorotibial joint?

A

joint

62
Q

where is the most common place to have degenerative joint disease?

A

distal tarsal joint
-distal intertarsal joint
-tarsometatarsal joint

63
Q

what are some radiographic abnormalities on an x-ray with degenerative joint disease

A

-osteophytes, enthesiophytes (bone spurs)
-joint space thinning
-subchondral bone sclerosis
-periosteal proliferation
-subchondral bone lysis
-ankylosis

64
Q

where do you place a nasogastric tube?

A

VENTRAL nasal meatus

65
Q

what likes to bleed and you want to avoid hitting when placing a nasogastric tube

A

ethmoid turbinates

66
Q

describe horse triadan system

A
67
Q

what are the two clinically relevant paranasal sinuses

A

frontal and maxillary

68
Q

where do ethmoid hematomas usually occur?

A

in frontal sinuses

69
Q

what can ethmoid hematomas cause?

A

-mild, intermittent, unilateral epitaxis
-spontaneous epitaxis
-smooth greenish surface

70
Q

what divides the maxillary sinuses into rostral and caudal compartments?

A

osseous septa (eggshell like)

71
Q

what tooth roots communicate with rostral compartment of the maxillary sinus

A

109/209 roots

72
Q

what roots communicate with caudal compartment of the maxillary sinus

A

110/210 and 111/211 roots

73
Q

tooth root infections can also lead to what?

A

secondary sinusitis

74
Q

what does the guttural pouch connect?

A

pharynx to the middle ear

75
Q

what is the guttural pouch?

A

paired extensions of the eustachian tubes

76
Q

what divides the guttural pouch into medial and lateral compartments?

A

stylohyoid bone

77
Q

what does the guttural pouch communicate with the pharynx through?

A

through the nasopharyngeal orifice of eustachian tube

78
Q

how would you access the guttural pouch with an endoscope?

A

nasopharyngeal orifice to diagnose abnormal conditions of guttural pouch

79
Q

know this pic

A

guttural pouch

80
Q

what species causes fungal mycosis of the guttural pouch?

A

aspergillus species
usually unilateral

81
Q

know this pic

A

endoscopic view

82
Q

what are the splint bones?

A

second and fourth metacarpals

83
Q

what is the fetlock?

A

meta carpo/tarso phalangeal joint

84
Q

What is the target nerve for a palmar/plantar distal nerve block?

A

medial and lateral palmar/plantar digital nerves

85
Q

What is the target nerve for an abaxial sesamoid nerve block?

A

medial and lateral palmar/plantar digital nerves

86
Q

What is the target nerve for a low 4 point nerve block?

A

medial and lateral palmar/plantar nerves
medial and lateral palmar/plantar metacarpal nerves

87
Q

What is the target nerve for a high 4 point nerve block?

A

medial and lateral palmar nerves
medial and lateral palmar and metacarpal nerves

88
Q

What is the purpose of laminae of the hoof?

A

suspension of P3 and shock absorption during locomotion

89
Q

What is navicular disease?

A

chronic degenerative condition of the navicular bone

90
Q

What is the navicular bursa?

A

synovial fluid filled sac between the navicular bone and the DDFT

91
Q

An injured ligament tears forming a…

A

hematoma

92
Q

What is the most common location of injury for ligaments?

A

at origin and insertion points
-most stress

93
Q

What happens with laceration to the SDFT only?

A

dropped fetlock

94
Q

What happens with laceration to the SDFT and DDFT?

A

dropped fetlock and lifted toe

95
Q

What happens with laceration to the SDFT DDFT and suspensory ligament?

A

plantigrade stance

96
Q

What is bone sclerosis?

A

more mineralization (whiter)

97
Q

What is bone lysis?

A

less mineralization (darker)

98
Q

What happens with a gastroc and SDFT tear?

A

plantigrade stance

99
Q

What is the benefit of a more cranial jugular blood draw?

A

the omohyoideus muscle is wider putting more space between the jugular vein and common carotid artery

100
Q

What is secondary sinusitis?

A

inflammation caused by a tooth root infection

101
Q

What lies on the wall of the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch?

A

external carotid artery

102
Q

What is along the caudal wall of the medial compartment of the guttural pouch?

A

internal carotid artery
cranial nerves 9-12

103
Q

What are clinical signs associated with damage to the cranial nerves running through the guttural pouch?

A

CN9 and 12
-dysphagia
CN10
-facial paralysis
CN11

104
Q

What is caused by guttural pouch mycosis?

A

severe often fatal bilateral epistaxis

105
Q

What is laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

neuromuscular dysfunction causing arytenoid paralysis
-most common on L side

106
Q

What are the theorized functions of the guttural pouch?

A

pressure equilibrium across the tympanic membrane
warming of inhaled air
resonating chamber for vocalization
flotation device
brain cooling

107
Q
A

clinical anatomy (3 decks)

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