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horsey Flashcards

1
Q

what is the tarsus of the horse?

A

hock (hind limb)

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2
Q

what is the carpus of the horse and what limb?

A

knee
forelimb

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3
Q

medial splint bone

A

second metacarpus
MC2
medial metacarpal bone

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4
Q

lateral splint bone

A

fourth metacarpus
MC4
lateral metacarpal bone

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5
Q

cannon bone

A

third metacarpus
MC3

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6
Q

fetlock or ankle

A

metacarpo tarsophalangeal joint

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7
Q

long pastern bone

A

first phalanx
P1
proximal phalanx

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8
Q

short pastern bone

A

second phalanx
P2
middle phalanx

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9
Q

coffin bone

A

trd phalanx
P3
distal phalanx

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10
Q

what is a diagnostic perineural anesthesia?

A

nerve blocks

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11
Q

what are the four nerve block?

A

planar digital
abaxial sesamoid
low 4 point/ low palmar
high 4 point/ high palmar

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12
Q

what is arthrocentesis?

A

joint injection

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13
Q

what are the four joint injections?

A

-distal interphalangeal joint/coffin joint
-metacarpophalangeal joint/ fetlock
-middle carpal joint (carpus)
-radiocarpal joint (carpus)

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14
Q

what is the technique for doing nerve blocks?

A

needle bevel up
needle inserted SQ directly over nerve

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15
Q

what are the landmarks for palmar/plantar digital nerve block?

A

-medial and lateral palmar/plantar nerves
-collateral cartilages of foot

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16
Q

what is the technique for doing the palmar/plantar digital nerve block?

A

-palpate digital neruovascular bundle
-vein, artery, nerve from dorsal to palmar/plantar

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17
Q

what is desensitized in the palmar/plantar digital nerve block?

A

-palmar/plantar 2/3 of foot
entire sole
navicular structure
distal interphalangeal joint distal deep digital flexor tendon
distal sesamoidean lig

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18
Q

what are the landmarks for abaxial sesamoid nerve block?

A

-medial and lateral palmar/plantar nerves
-medial and lateral proximal sesamoid bones

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19
Q

technique for blocking abaxial sesamoid nerve

A

-palpate neurovascular bundle
-vein, artery, nerve from dorsal to palmar/plantar

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20
Q

what is desensitized in the abaxial sesamoid nerve block?

A

-foot
-second phalanx
-proximal interphalangeal joint
-distalpalmar/plantar aspect of proximal phalanx
-distal portions od SDFT & DDFT
-distal sesamoidean lig
-digital annular lig

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21
Q

landmarks for the low 4 point/ low palmar nerve block

A

-medial and lateral palmar nerves
–>between suspensory lig and DDFT
-medial and lateral palmar/plantar metacarpal nerves
–> between MC3 and MC2 (medial) & MC3 and MC4 (lateral)
-distal ends of MC2 (medial) and MC4 (lateral)

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22
Q

what is desensitized in low 4 point block

A

-metacarpo/tarsophalangeal joint and structures distal
-distal aspects of suspensory branches

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23
Q

ladmarks for high 4 point/ high palmar nerve block

A

-just distal carpometacarpal joint
-medial and lateral palmar nerves
–> dorsal surface DDFT
-medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves
–>between palmar surface of MC3 and axial surface MC2 (medial) or MC4 (lateral)

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24
Q

what is desensitized in high 4 point block?

A

-medial and lateral palmar nerves
–>DDFT and SDFT
-medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves
–>MC2, MC4, proximal suspensory lig/origin
-all 4
–>inferior check ligament

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25
landmark for metacarpo-/-tarsophalangeal joint arthocenesis
-palmaro-/plantarodistal aspect oof MC/MT3 -dorsal edge of lateral branch of suspensory ligament -distal end of MC/MT4 -lateral proximal sesamoid bone
26
what is desensitized in metacarpo-/-tarsophalangeal joint?
joint
27
joint of carpus
radiocarpal joint middle/inter carpal joint carpometacarpal joint
28
what lower 2 joints in the carpus interact in forelimb carpus "down in front"
middle/inter carpal joint carpometacarpal joint
29
landmark for radiocarpal arthrocentesis
-flex carpus -medial aspect of distal edge of radius -proximal edge of radial carpal bone -medial to extensor carpi radialis -insert needle midway between radius and radial carpal bone
30
what is desensitized in radiocarpal joint arthocentesis
radiocarpal joint only *no communication with other joints
31
landmarks for middle/intercarpal joint arthocentesis
-flex carpus -distal edge of radial carpal bone -medial aspect of proximal edge of third carpal bone -meidal aspect of extensor carpi radialis tendon
32
what is desensitized when blocking the middle/intercarpal joint
-middle /intercarpal joint communicates with carpometacarpal joint -DOWN IN FRONT (doesn't require separate inj)
33
what is laminitis "founder"
inflammation of the laminae (there is an epi dermal and dermal laminae)
34
what does degeneration of the laminae cause?
-rotation of P3 -sinking of P3 within hoof capsule
35
what is the most common cause of chronic forelimb lameness
navicular disease
36
what chronic degenerative conditions follow navicular disease?
-bone sclerosis (hardening) combine with damage to fibrocartilage on flexor surface -traumatic fibrillation of DDFT -enthesiophyte formation on proximal and distal borders of bone -loss of medullary architecture
37
what structures can be affected when there are penetrating wounds of the foot?
-digital flexor tendon sheath -navicular bursa -distal interphalangeal joint *synovial structures are the worst to hit
38
tendonitis
inflammation of tendon
39
desmitis
inflammation of ligament
40
how long does it take a tendon to heal
6 months
41
how long does it take ligament to heal
8 months
42
what is wrong
DDF tendonitis
43
what is wrong
suspensory ligament desmitis
44
what type of laceration is this?
SDFT only
45
what is lacerated?
SDFT and DDFT
46
what is lacerated?
SDFT, DDFT, and SL
47
joints of the tarsus
tibiotarsal joint (tarsocrural) proximal intertarsal joint distal intertarsal joint tarsometatarsal joint
48
landmarks and technique tarsometatarsal joint arthocentesis
-caudolateral aspect of tarsus -head of MT4 -insert needle 1cm proximal to the head of MT4 -direct needle toward dorsomedial aspect of tarsus and slightly downward -bury needle
49
what is desensitized in tarsometatarsal joint arthrocentesis
joint
50
landmarks and techniques distal intertarsal joint
-medial aspec of tarsus -cunean tendon (meidal tendinous insertion of cranial tibial muscle) -small T-shaped gap formed by fused 1st and 2nd tarsal bones, third tarsal bone, and central tarsal bone -palpate w thumb nail
51
what is desensitized in distal intertarsal joint
joint
52
landmarks and technique in tibiotarsal/tarsocrural joint
-dorsal aspect of tarsus -medial or lateral saphenous vein -distal to medial malleolus tibia
53
what is desensitized tibiotarsal/tarsocrural joint?
-tibiotarsal joint communicated with proximal intertarsal joint *proximal intertarsal joint does not require separate injection
54
what are the three patellar ligaments of the stifle?
medial middle lateral
55
joints of the stifle
femoropatellar medial femorotibial lateral femorotibial
56
what are the landmarks and technique for the femoropatellar joint block?
3-4 cm above proximal aspect of tibial tuberosity between middle and middle patellar lig
57
what is desensitized when doing femoropatellar joint arthrocetesis?
-femoropatellar joint communicates with medial femorotibial joint in 65% of horses -not really in lateral femorotibial
58
landmarks and technique for medial femorotibial joint athrocentesis
-just above the palpable proximomedial edge of tibia -between medial patellar ligament and medial femorotibial/collateral ligament
59
what is desensitized when blocking the medial femorotibial joint?
-femoropatellar joint communicates with medial femorotibial joint in 65% of horses
60
landmarks and technique for lateral femorotibial joint arthrocentesis
-caudal to lateral patellar ligament and just above proximolateral aspect of tibia OR -between lateral femorotibial/collateral ligament and origin of long digital extensor muscle
61
what is desensitized when blocking lateral femorotibial joint?
joint
62
where is the most common place to have degenerative joint disease?
distal tarsal joint -distal intertarsal joint -tarsometatarsal joint
63
what are some radiographic abnormalities on an x-ray with degenerative joint disease
-osteophytes, enthesiophytes (bone spurs) -joint space thinning -subchondral bone sclerosis -periosteal proliferation -subchondral bone lysis -ankylosis
64
where do you place a nasogastric tube?
VENTRAL nasal meatus
65
what likes to bleed and you want to avoid hitting when placing a nasogastric tube
ethmoid turbinates
66
describe horse triadan system
67
what are the two clinically relevant paranasal sinuses
frontal and maxillary
68
where do ethmoid hematomas usually occur?
in frontal sinuses
69
what can ethmoid hematomas cause?
-mild, intermittent, unilateral epitaxis -spontaneous epitaxis -smooth greenish surface
70
what divides the maxillary sinuses into rostral and caudal compartments?
osseous septa (eggshell like)
71
what tooth roots communicate with rostral compartment of the maxillary sinus
109/209 roots
72
what roots communicate with caudal compartment of the maxillary sinus
110/210 and 111/211 roots
73
tooth root infections can also lead to what?
secondary sinusitis
74
what does the guttural pouch connect?
pharynx to the middle ear
75
what is the guttural pouch?
paired extensions of the eustachian tubes
76
what divides the guttural pouch into medial and lateral compartments?
stylohyoid bone
77
what does the guttural pouch communicate with the pharynx through?
through the nasopharyngeal orifice of eustachian tube
78
how would you access the guttural pouch with an endoscope?
nasopharyngeal orifice to diagnose abnormal conditions of guttural pouch
79
know this pic
guttural pouch
80
what species causes fungal mycosis of the guttural pouch?
aspergillus species usually unilateral
81
know this pic
endoscopic view
82
what are the splint bones?
second and fourth metacarpals
83
what is the fetlock?
meta carpo/tarso phalangeal joint
84
What is the target nerve for a palmar/plantar distal nerve block?
medial and lateral palmar/plantar digital nerves
85
What is the target nerve for an abaxial sesamoid nerve block?
medial and lateral palmar/plantar digital nerves
86
What is the target nerve for a low 4 point nerve block?
medial and lateral palmar/plantar nerves medial and lateral palmar/plantar metacarpal nerves
87
What is the target nerve for a high 4 point nerve block?
medial and lateral palmar nerves medial and lateral palmar and metacarpal nerves
88
What is the purpose of laminae of the hoof?
suspension of P3 and shock absorption during locomotion
89
What is navicular disease?
chronic degenerative condition of the navicular bone
90
What is the navicular bursa?
synovial fluid filled sac between the navicular bone and the DDFT
91
An injured ligament tears forming a...
hematoma
92
What is the most common location of injury for ligaments?
at origin and insertion points -most stress
93
What happens with laceration to the SDFT only?
dropped fetlock
94
What happens with laceration to the SDFT and DDFT?
dropped fetlock and lifted toe
95
What happens with laceration to the SDFT DDFT and suspensory ligament?
plantigrade stance
96
What is bone sclerosis?
more mineralization (whiter)
97
What is bone lysis?
less mineralization (darker)
98
What happens with a gastroc and SDFT tear?
plantigrade stance
99
What is the benefit of a more cranial jugular blood draw?
the omohyoideus muscle is wider putting more space between the jugular vein and common carotid artery
100
What is secondary sinusitis?
inflammation caused by a tooth root infection
101
What lies on the wall of the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch?
external carotid artery
102
What is along the caudal wall of the medial compartment of the guttural pouch?
internal carotid artery cranial nerves 9-12
103
What are clinical signs associated with damage to the cranial nerves running through the guttural pouch?
CN9 and 12 -dysphagia CN10 -facial paralysis CN11
104
What is caused by guttural pouch mycosis?
severe often fatal bilateral epistaxis
105
What is laryngeal hemiplegia?
neuromuscular dysfunction causing arytenoid paralysis -most common on L side
106
What are the theorized functions of the guttural pouch?
pressure equilibrium across the tympanic membrane warming of inhaled air resonating chamber for vocalization flotation device brain cooling
107

clinical anatomy (3 decks)

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