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Animal Science > Horses > Flashcards

Horses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Equss asinus

A

Asses and Donkeys

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2
Q

Equus caballus

A

true horse

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3
Q

Class

A

Mammalia

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4
Q

Order

A

Perissodactyla

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5
Q

Genus

A

Equus

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6
Q

Equus burchelli

A

Grant’s zebra, Burchell’s zebra, Chapman’s zebra, Quagga, & other subspecies

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7
Q

Equus grevyi

A

Grevy’s zebra

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8
Q

Equus hemionus

A

Onagers of Asia and the Mideast

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9
Q

Equus zebra

A

Mountain zebra

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10
Q

equus went extinct in western hemisphere

A

8 thousand years ago

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11
Q

domestication in the eastern hemisphere

A

5 thousand years ago

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12
Q

Draft horses and shetland ponies

A

Europe

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13
Q

Asia and middle east

A

lighter, agile horses

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14
Q

Phylum

A

Chordata

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15
Q

Subphylum

A

Vertebrata

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16
Q

Family

A

Equidae

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17
Q

Species

A

Varies

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18
Q

Equus przewalski

A

Przewalski’s horse

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19
Q

settlers

A

brought many breeds and types of horses to North America

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20
Q

Recreation

A

43%

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21
Q

Show

A

29%

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22
Q

Rodeo. polo, ranching, etc

A

18%

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23
Q

Racing

A

10%

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24
Q

World horse population

A

59 million

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25
Q

Hybrid Industry

A

agriculture, sports, recreation, entertainment

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26
Q

group with a common ancestry that resemble one another and pass similar traits to their offspring

A

breed

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27
Q

1 hand

A

4 inches

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28
Q

Where do you measure the horse from?

A

Withers

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29
Q

-Origin = Europe, Asia, North & South Americas
-Height = 14.2 to 17.2 Hands; Weight = 900 to 1400 lbs
-Purpose = Riding, driving, racing, etc.

A

light breed (warmblooded)

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30
Q

-Origin = Europe, Asia, North & South Americas
-Height = < 14.2;
-Weight = 300 to 900 lbs
-Purpose = draft, heavy-harness, or saddle type; riding, driving, racing, etc.

A

Pony

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31
Q

-Origin = Europe
-Height = 14.2 to 19 Hands; Weight = 1400 to 2000 lbs
-Heavy, solid, strong horses with a calm temperament.
-Purpose = Work; Pulling loads

A

Draft (coldblooded)

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32
Q

Types of Draft horses

A

Percheron, Belgian, Clydesdale Shire, Suffolk

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33
Q

types of light horses

A

Quarter horse, Thoroughbred, Paint, Standardbred

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34
Q

Types of Ponies

A

Shetland, Hackney, Welsh, POAs

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35
Q

-Height < 34 (to 38) inches
-Life span = 25 to 35 years

A

Miniature Horse

36
Q

Foal

A

Young horse (<1 year)

37
Q

Filly

A

female <3-4 years

38
Q

Colt

A

Male <3-4 years

39
Q

Mare

A

Female >4 years

40
Q

Stallion

A

intact male >4 years (>5 years)

41
Q

Gelding

A

castrated male

42
Q

Donkeys

A

Long ears; Short, Upright mane

43
Q

Donkey breeds

A
  • American Standard (mammoth jack)
    -Spanish Donkey (large standard donkey)
    -Miniature Mediterranean Donkey
    -American Spotted Ass
44
Q

Jack

A

male donkey

45
Q

Jennet

A

female donkey

46
Q

Purpose of donkey

A

work animals

47
Q

World Population of Donkeys

A

42.8 million

48
Q

US population of donkeys

A

52,000 (0.12%)

49
Q

Stallion (64) x Jennet (62)

A

Hinny (63)

50
Q

Mare (64) x Jack (62)

A

Mule (63, sterile)

51
Q

Horse & Donkey Crosses

A

-characteristics: horse size/ body shape with a shorter, thicker head, longer ears, braying voice, & no chestnuts on hindlegs
-classification: draft, pack/work, saddle, driving, jumping, or miniature

52
Q

Reproduction: Puberty

A

Fillies enter puberty around their 2nd spring (@ ~15 months)
-Season: Fillies born early in 1 season may reach puberty as soon as the next season begins (~12mos)
-Nutrition: Poor nutrition = delay
-Breed: Ponies = mature earlier
Fillies are usually not bred before 2 to 3 years of age

53
Q

seasonally polyestrous

A

animals with seasonal variations in estrous cycles (horse, sheep, cat)

54
Q

gestation

A

about 11+ months (~340 days)

55
Q

Ave estrous cycle length

A

21 days (18-24 days)

56
Q

Estrus (follicular phase)

A

4-7 days
- shorter at peak season = 3 days
- estrus behavior depends on low progesterone

57
Q

Diestrus (luteal phase)

A

14-15 days

58
Q

spring transition

A

Gradual activation of HPO axis

59
Q

Fall transition

A

Gradual de-activation of the HPO axis

60
Q

Winter Anestrus

A

GnRH - low/baseline
FSH - random fluctuations
Estradiol - baseline (small follicles)
LH - baseline
Progesterone- baseline
Estrus behavior- absent or erratic

61
Q

Monogastric

A

having only one stomach

62
Q

hindgut fermenters

A

Fermentation occurs in the large intestines and cecum

63
Q

Horses evolved using?

A

speed as its major survival mechanism

64
Q

Continuous eater strategy

A

eating frequently in small amounts and moving from place to place between grazing

65
Q

Horses Grazing

A

16-18 hr/day

66
Q

Stabled/Confined Horses

A

meal eaters instead of continual eaters

67
Q

A horse should receive

A

1 to 2% of its body weight in roughage per day on a dry matter basis

68
Q

1000 lb should receive

A

10 lb of dry matter per day
1000 lb x 0.01 = 10lb

69
Q

Clinical signs of Equine Laminitis

A

Reluctance or inability to walk
-Weight-shifting or treading
-increased RR & HR
-A glazed, pained expression
-Stance with the hind legs camped under their body and forefeet camped out
-Front (60% of horse weight) > Hind
-Bounding digital arterial pulses
-Feet that are hot to the touch

70
Q

Causes of Equine Laminitis

A

1) Excess consumption of grain or lush pastures 2) Disease associated with sepsis or endotoxemia
Ex. Grain overload, metritis, retained placenta,
or colic/intestinal ailment.
3) Equine metabolic syndrome
4) Excess weight-bearing or exercise on hard
surfaces
5) Ingestion of black walnut shavings (bedding)

71
Q

Equine laminitis treatment

A

treat the underlying cause of illness and supportive care

72
Q

Melanomas

A

Skin tumor associated with coat color in horses

73
Q

Gray horses

A

by 15 years of age 80% have visible malignant melanomas

74
Q

lesion of melanoma

A

round, raised, black nodules of varying sizes

75
Q

Tumors can be

A

benign or malignant (biopsy it)

76
Q

Melanoma treatment

A

1) surgical excision
2) Chemotherapy
+/- 3) Vaccine studies to treat not prevent

77
Q

horse slaughter in the 1980s

A

> 300,000 horses were processed/yr in 16 federally inspected plant

78
Q

Horse Slaughter in 2006

A

105,000 horses processed for human food in 3 inspected plants ( 2 in TX, 1 in IL)

79
Q

Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA)

A

requires federal inspection of animals slaughtered for human food and prepared for commerce

80
Q

congress prohibited the use of federal funds for the inspection of horses at slaughter plants.

A

In 2006

81
Q

Horse slaughter 2007

A

25,000 US-origin horses - Canada
11,000 US-Origin horses - Mexico

82
Q

Horse slaughter 2007

A

25,000 US-origin horses - Canada
11,000 US-Origin horses - Mexico

83
Q

Horse Slaughter 2016

A

64,000 US-origin horses - Mexico

84
Q

Horse Slaughter 2020

A

24,000 US-origin horses - Mexico

85
Q

Safeguard American Food Exports Act

A

Introduced in 2013 by 4 U.S. Senators, is a bipartisan measure that would:
- outlaw horse slaughter operations in the U.S.,
- end the current export of American horses for
slaughter abroad, and
- protect the public from consuming horse meat

Animal Science (13 decks)

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