Horses Flashcards
1
Q
Equss asinus
A
Asses and Donkeys
2
Q
Equus caballus
A
true horse
3
Q
Class
A
Mammalia
4
Q
Order
A
Perissodactyla
5
Q
Genus
A
Equus
6
Q
Equus burchelli
A
Grant’s zebra, Burchell’s zebra, Chapman’s zebra, Quagga, & other subspecies
7
Q
Equus grevyi
A
Grevy’s zebra
8
Q
Equus hemionus
A
Onagers of Asia and the Mideast
9
Q
Equus zebra
A
Mountain zebra
10
Q
equus went extinct in western hemisphere
A
8 thousand years ago
11
Q
domestication in the eastern hemisphere
A
5 thousand years ago
12
Q
Draft horses and shetland ponies
A
Europe
13
Q
Asia and middle east
A
lighter, agile horses
14
Q
Phylum
A
Chordata
15
Q
Subphylum
A
Vertebrata
16
Q
Family
A
Equidae
17
Q
Species
A
Varies
18
Q
Equus przewalski
A
Przewalski’s horse
19
Q
settlers
A
brought many breeds and types of horses to North America
20
Q
Recreation
A
43%
21
Q
Show
A
29%
22
Q
Rodeo. polo, ranching, etc
A
18%
23
Q
Racing
A
10%
24
Q
World horse population
A
59 million
25
Hybrid Industry
agriculture, sports, recreation, entertainment
26
group with a common ancestry that resemble one another and pass similar traits to their offspring
breed
27
1 hand
4 inches
28
Where do you measure the horse from?
Withers
29
-Origin = Europe, Asia, North & South Americas
-Height = 14.2 to 17.2 Hands; Weight = 900 to 1400 lbs
-Purpose = Riding, driving, racing, etc.
light breed (warmblooded)
30
-Origin = Europe, Asia, North & South Americas
-Height = < 14.2;
-Weight = 300 to 900 lbs
-Purpose = draft, heavy-harness, or saddle type; riding, driving, racing, etc.
Pony
31
-Origin = Europe
-Height = 14.2 to 19 Hands; Weight = 1400 to 2000 lbs
-Heavy, solid, strong horses with a calm temperament.
-Purpose = Work; Pulling loads
Draft (coldblooded)
32
Types of Draft horses
Percheron, Belgian, Clydesdale Shire, Suffolk
33
types of light horses
Quarter horse, Thoroughbred, Paint, Standardbred
34
Types of Ponies
Shetland, Hackney, Welsh, POAs
35
-Height < 34 (to 38) inches
-Life span = 25 to 35 years
Miniature Horse
36
Foal
Young horse (<1 year)
37
Filly
female <3-4 years
38
Colt
Male <3-4 years
39
Mare
Female >4 years
40
Stallion
intact male >4 years (>5 years)
41
Gelding
castrated male
42
Donkeys
Long ears; Short, Upright mane
43
Donkey breeds
- American Standard (mammoth jack)
-Spanish Donkey (large standard donkey)
-Miniature Mediterranean Donkey
-American Spotted Ass
44
Jack
male donkey
45
Jennet
female donkey
46
Purpose of donkey
work animals
47
World Population of Donkeys
42.8 million
48
US population of donkeys
52,000 (0.12%)
49
Stallion (64) x Jennet (62)
Hinny (63)
50
Mare (64) x Jack (62)
Mule (63, sterile)
51
Horse & Donkey Crosses
-characteristics: horse size/ body shape with a shorter, thicker head, longer ears, braying voice, & no chestnuts on hindlegs
-classification: draft, pack/work, saddle, driving, jumping, or miniature
52
Reproduction: Puberty
Fillies enter puberty around their 2nd spring (@ ~15 months)
-Season: Fillies born early in 1 season may reach puberty as soon as the next season begins (~12mos)
-Nutrition: Poor nutrition = delay
-Breed: Ponies = mature earlier
Fillies are usually not bred before 2 to 3 years of age
53
seasonally polyestrous
animals with seasonal variations in estrous cycles (horse, sheep, cat)
54
gestation
about 11+ months (~340 days)
55
Ave estrous cycle length
21 days (18-24 days)
56
Estrus (follicular phase)
4-7 days
- shorter at peak season = 3 days
- estrus behavior depends on low progesterone
57
Diestrus (luteal phase)
14-15 days
58
spring transition
Gradual activation of HPO axis
59
Fall transition
Gradual de-activation of the HPO axis
60
Winter Anestrus
GnRH - low/baseline
FSH - random fluctuations
Estradiol - baseline (small follicles)
LH - baseline
Progesterone- baseline
Estrus behavior- absent or erratic
61
Monogastric
having only one stomach
62
hindgut fermenters
Fermentation occurs in the large intestines and cecum
63
Horses evolved using?
speed as its major survival mechanism
64
Continuous eater strategy
eating frequently in small amounts and moving from place to place between grazing
65
Horses Grazing
16-18 hr/day
66
Stabled/Confined Horses
meal eaters instead of continual eaters
67
A horse should receive
1 to 2% of its body weight in roughage per day on a dry matter basis
68
1000 lb should receive
10 lb of dry matter per day
1000 lb x 0.01 = 10lb
69
Clinical signs of Equine Laminitis
Reluctance or inability to walk
-Weight-shifting or treading
-increased RR & HR
-A glazed, pained expression
-Stance with the hind legs camped under their body and forefeet camped out
-Front (60% of horse weight) > Hind
-Bounding digital arterial pulses
-Feet that are hot to the touch
70
Causes of Equine Laminitis
1) Excess consumption of grain or lush pastures 2) Disease associated with sepsis or endotoxemia
Ex. Grain overload, metritis, retained placenta,
or colic/intestinal ailment.
3) Equine metabolic syndrome
4) Excess weight-bearing or exercise on hard
surfaces
5) Ingestion of black walnut shavings (bedding)
71
Equine laminitis treatment
treat the underlying cause of illness and supportive care
72
Melanomas
Skin tumor associated with coat color in horses
73
Gray horses
by 15 years of age 80% have visible malignant melanomas
74
lesion of melanoma
round, raised, black nodules of varying sizes
75
Tumors can be
benign or malignant (biopsy it)
76
Melanoma treatment
1) surgical excision
2) Chemotherapy
+/- 3) Vaccine studies to treat not prevent
77
horse slaughter in the 1980s
> 300,000 horses were processed/yr in 16 federally inspected plant
78
Horse Slaughter in 2006
105,000 horses processed for human food in 3 inspected plants ( 2 in TX, 1 in IL)
79
Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA)
requires federal inspection of animals slaughtered for human food and prepared for commerce
80
congress prohibited the use of federal funds for the inspection of horses at slaughter plants.
In 2006
81
Horse slaughter 2007
25,000 US-origin horses - Canada
11,000 US-Origin horses - Mexico
82
Horse slaughter 2007
25,000 US-origin horses - Canada
11,000 US-Origin horses - Mexico
83
Horse Slaughter 2016
64,000 US-origin horses - Mexico
84
Horse Slaughter 2020
24,000 US-origin horses - Mexico
85
Safeguard American Food Exports Act
Introduced in 2013 by 4 U.S. Senators, is a bipartisan measure that would:
- outlaw horse slaughter operations in the U.S.,
- end the current export of American horses for
slaughter abroad, and
- protect the public from consuming horse meat
