Hormones welcome to hell

Question 1

What is melatonin?

Answer 1

Amine-based
Released from pineal body
Biological rhythms (circadian cycle)
Regulated by light/dark cycles.

Question 2

What is oxytocin?

Answer 2

Amine
Posterior pituitary gland
Stimulates the contraction of the uterine walls in labour
Regulated by the hypothalamus

Question 3

What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Answer 3

Amine-based
Posterior pituitary gland
Promotes retention of water by the kidneys
Regulated by the hypothalamus

Question 4

What is growth hormone (GH)?

Answer 4

Amine-based
Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates growth and metabolism
Regulated by the hypothalmic release and inhibition of other hormones.

Question 5

What is prolactin (PRL)?

Answer 5

Amine-based
Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates milk production
Regulated by hypothalmic hormones.

Question 6

What is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

Answer 6

Amine-based
Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates production of ova and sperm
Regulated by hypothalmic hormones.

Question 7

What is luteinising hormone?

Answer 7

Amine-based
Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates ovaries and testes
Regulated by hypothalmic hormones.

Question 8

What is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

Answer 8

Amine-based
Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates the thyroid hormone
Regulated by thyroxine, hypothalmic hormones.

Question 9

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

Answer 9

Amine-based
Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Regulated by glucocorticoids and hypothalmic hormones.

Question 10

What is thyroxine?

Answer 10

Amine-based
Thyroid gland
Stimulates metabolism
Regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Question 11

What is calcitonin?

Answer 11

Amine-based
Thyroid gland
Reduces blood calcium level
Regulated by calcium level in blood.

Question 12

What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Answer 12

Amine-based
Parathyroid gland
Increases blood calcium level
Regulated by the level of calcium in the blood.

Question 13

What is thymosine?

Answer 13

Amine-based
Thymus gland
“programs” T-lymphocytes
Unknown regulator.

Question 14

What is epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Answer 14

Amine-based
Adrenal medulla
Raise blood glucose level, increase rate of metabolism, constrict certain blood vessels
Regulated by SNS

Question 15

What are glucocorticoids?

Answer 15

Steroid-based
Adrenal cortex
Increases blood glucose
Regulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Question 16

What are mineralocorticoids?

Answer 16

Steroid-based
Adrenal cortex
Promote reabsorption of Na+, excretion of K+ by the kidneys
Regulated by changes in blood pressure/volume.

Question 17

What is insulin?

Answer 17

Amine-based
Pancreas
Reduces blood glucose
Regulated by the level of glucose in the blood.

Question 18

What is glucagon?

Answer 18

Amine-based
Pancreas
Increases blood glucose
Regulated by the level of glucose in the bloodstream.

Question 19

What are androgens?

Answer 19

Steroid-based
Testes
Promotes sperm formation, secondary male sexual characteristics.
Regulated by FSH and LH.

Question 20

What are oestrogens?

Answer 20

Steroid-based
Released from the ovaries
Stimulate the growth of uterine lining, secondary female sexual characteristics.
Regulated by FSH and LH.

Question 21

What is progesterone?

Answer 21

Steroid-based
Ovaries
Promotes growth of the uterine lining
Regulated by FSH and LH.

Question 22

What are the 5 hormones you have to remember for some reason?

Answer 22

Aldosterone, cortisol, progesterone, oestrogen, androgens

Question 23

What are the two primary modes of action of hormones?

Answer 23

Direct gene activation and secondary messenger system.

Question 24

Explain direct gene activation, including examples of hormones that work this way.

Answer 24

1) Steroid-based hormone diffuses directly through the plasma membrane of target cell
2) The Steriod hormone binds to specific receptor protein forming a hormone-receptor complex (HRC) in nucleus/cytoplasm
4) HRC binds to specific site on DNA, influencing gene expression and protein synthesis

Oestrogen and progesterone

Question 25

Explain secondary messenger activation, including examples of hormones that use this process.

Answer 25

1) Non-steroid-based/Amine hormone (first messenger) binds with specific receptor on the cell membrane of the target cell 2) This causes a secondary messenger (g proteins) to diffuse through membrane 3) Conformational change occur in membrane components 4) This activates enzymes in target cell Adrenaline, noradrenaline

Question 26

Contrast endocrine and exocrine

Answer 26

Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream Exocrine glands release secretions (e.g. oils and sweat) on the body's surface

Question 27

What is enzyme amplification?

Answer 27

Small amount of hormone causes a large biological effect. This is as a singular hormone molecule causes activation of multiple G-proteins which in turn activates multiple proteins within the cell, thus a cascading effect is seen.

Question 28

How is hormone release regulated? Provide an example with Thyroid hormone release.

Answer 28

Via the negative feedback loop. 1. Hypothalamus releases Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) 2. Anterior Pit. releases TSH 3. Thyroid releases thyroxine 4. Thyroxine levels in blood increase 5. This causes reduced CRH from hypothalamus, and reduced TSH from anterior pituitary (negative feedback)

Question 29

Define tropic hormone

Answer 29

Hormone which causes release of another hormone from a different gland

Question 30

Which six hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 30

Thyroid-stimulating hormone Luteinising hormone Prolactin Adrenocorticotropic hormone Growth hormone Follicle stimulating hormone

Question 31

What is a hormone?

Answer 31

A chemical which is secreted into the bloodsteam, and changes the functioning of cells by influencing the type, activities or quantities of proteins produced.

Question 32

What is enzyme amplification?

Answer 32

A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one step is an enzyme that produces an even greater number of molecules in the next step.