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Human Biology Unit 3 > Hormones welcome to hell > Flashcards

Hormones welcome to hell Flashcards

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1
Q

What is melatonin?

A

Amine-based
Released from pineal body
Biological rhythms (circadian cycle)
Regulated by light/dark cycles.

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2
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Amine
Posterior pituitary gland
Stimulates the contraction of the uterine walls in labour
Regulated by the hypothalamus

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3
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

Amine-based
Posterior pituitary gland
Promotes retention of water by the kidneys
Regulated by the hypothalamus

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4
Q

What is growth hormone (GH)?

A

Amine-based
Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates growth and metabolism
Regulated by the hypothalmic release and inhibition of other hormones.

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5
Q

What is prolactin (PRL)?

A

Amine-based
Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates milk production
Regulated by hypothalmic hormones.

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6
Q

What is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

Amine-based
Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates production of ova and sperm
Regulated by hypothalmic hormones.

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7
Q

What is luteinising hormone?

A

Amine-based
Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates ovaries and testes
Regulated by hypothalmic hormones.

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8
Q

What is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Amine-based
Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates the thyroid hormone
Regulated by thyroxine, hypothalmic hormones.

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9
Q

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

Amine-based
Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Regulated by glucocorticoids and hypothalmic hormones.

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10
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

Amine-based
Thyroid gland
Stimulates metabolism
Regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone.

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11
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

Amine-based
Thyroid gland
Reduces blood calcium level
Regulated by calcium level in blood.

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12
Q

What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Amine-based
Parathyroid gland
Increases blood calcium level
Regulated by the level of calcium in the blood.

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13
Q

What is thymosine?

A

Amine-based
Thymus gland
“programs” T-lymphocytes
Unknown regulator.

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14
Q

What is epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Amine-based
Adrenal medulla
Raise blood glucose level, increase rate of metabolism, constrict certain blood vessels
Regulated by SNS

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15
Q

What are glucocorticoids?

A

Steroid-based
Adrenal cortex
Increases blood glucose
Regulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone.

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16
Q

What are mineralocorticoids?

A

Steroid-based
Adrenal cortex
Promote reabsorption of Na+, excretion of K+ by the kidneys
Regulated by changes in blood pressure/volume.

17
Q

What is insulin?

A

Amine-based
Pancreas
Reduces blood glucose
Regulated by the level of glucose in the blood.

18
Q

What is glucagon?

A

Amine-based
Pancreas
Increases blood glucose
Regulated by the level of glucose in the bloodstream.

19
Q

What are androgens?

A

Steroid-based
Testes
Promotes sperm formation, secondary male sexual characteristics.
Regulated by FSH and LH.

20
Q

What are oestrogens?

A

Steroid-based
Released from the ovaries
Stimulate the growth of uterine lining, secondary female sexual characteristics.
Regulated by FSH and LH.

21
Q

What is progesterone?

A

Steroid-based
Ovaries
Promotes growth of the uterine lining
Regulated by FSH and LH.

22
Q

What are the 5 hormones you have to remember for some reason?

A

Aldosterone, cortisol, progesterone, oestrogen, androgens

23
Q

What are the two primary modes of action of hormones?

A

Direct gene activation and secondary messenger system.

24
Q

Explain direct gene activation, including examples of hormones that work this way.

A

1) Steroid-based hormone diffuses directly through the plasma membrane of target cell
2) The Steriod hormone binds to specific receptor protein forming a hormone-receptor complex (HRC) in nucleus/cytoplasm
4) HRC binds to specific site on DNA, influencing gene expression and protein synthesis

Oestrogen and progesterone

25
Q

Explain secondary messenger activation, including examples of hormones that use this process.

A

1) Non-steroid-based/Amine hormone (first messenger) binds with specific receptor on the cell membrane of the target cell
2) This causes a secondary messenger (g proteins) to diffuse through membrane
3) Conformational change occur in membrane components
4) This activates enzymes in target cell

Adrenaline, noradrenaline

26
Q

Contrast endocrine and exocrine

A

Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream
Exocrine glands release secretions (e.g. oils and sweat) on the body’s surface

27
Q

What is enzyme amplification?

A

Small amount of hormone causes a large biological effect.

This is as a singular hormone molecule causes activation of multiple G-proteins which in turn activates multiple proteins within the cell, thus a cascading effect is seen.

28
Q

How is hormone release regulated? Provide an example with Thyroid hormone release.

A

Via the negative feedback loop.
1. Hypothalamus releases Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
2. Anterior Pit. releases TSH
3. Thyroid releases thyroxine
4. Thyroxine levels in blood increase
5. This causes reduced CRH from hypothalamus, and reduced TSH from anterior pituitary (negative feedback)

29
Q

Define tropic hormone

A

Hormone which causes release of another hormone from a different gland

30
Q

Which six hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Luteinising hormone
Prolactin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Growth hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone

31
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical which is secreted into the bloodsteam, and changes the functioning of cells by influencing the type, activities or quantities of proteins produced.

32
Q

What is enzyme amplification?

A

A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one step is an enzyme that produces an even greater number of molecules in the next step.

Human Biology Unit 3 (22 decks)

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