Hormones Pt. 2 Flashcards
Thyroid Hormones (TH) Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
(Produced by, secreted by, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Thyroid gland
Secreted By: Follicular cells, Colloid
Target: Most cells of the body
Stimulus for Release: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Function: Increases basal metabolic rate (BMR); regulates tissue growth and development.
Calcitonin
(Produced by, secreted by, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Thyroid gland
Secreted By: Parafollicular cells
Target: Bones
Stimulus for Release: High levels of calcium in the blood
Function: No known physiological role in humans.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
(Produced by, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Parathyroid gland (located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland)
Target: Bones and kidneys
Stimulus for Release: Low levels of calcium in the blood
Function: Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts and by stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb calcium. PTH also stimulates the kidneys to convert vitamin D to calcitriol, which is required for the absorption of calcium in the intestines.
Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone
(Produced by, cortical area, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Adrenal Cortex
Cortical area: Zona Glomerulosa
Target: Kidnyes
Stimulus for Release: Angiotensin II release and increased potassium in the blood (ACTH only in times of severe stress)
Function: Increases the reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidney tubules. Increases the secretion of potassium in the urine.
Glucocorticoids: mostly cortisol
(Produced by, cortical area, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Adrenal Cortex
Cortical area: Zona fasciculata
Target: Most body cells
Stimulus for Release: ACTH
Function: Promotes the breakdown of fat and protein, promotes stress resistance, and inhibits the immune response.
Gonadocorticoids: androgens (most are converted to testosterone and some to estrogen)
(Produced by, cortical area, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Adrenal Cortex
Cortical area: Zona reticularis
Target: Bone, muscle, integument, and other tissues
Stimulus for Release: ACTH
Function in Females: Androgens contribute to body growth, contribute to the development of pubic and axillary hair, and enhance sex drive.
Function in Males: Insignificant effects
Catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine
(Produced by, cells, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Adrenal Medulla
Secreted By: Chromaffin cells
Target: Most body cells
Stimulus for Release: Nerve impulses from preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Function: Mimics sympathetic nervous system activation, “fight-or-flight” response.
Insulin
(Produced by, cells, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Pancreas - Pancreatic Islets
Cells: Beta cells
Target: Most body cells
Stimulus for Release: Increased blood glucose levels, parasympathetic nervous system stimulation
Function: Accelerates the transport of glucose into body cells; promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis.
Glucagon
(Produced by, cells, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Pancreas - Pancreatic Islets
Cells: Alpha cells
Target: Primarily the liver and adipose
Stimulus for Release: Decreased blood glucose levels, sympathetic nervous system stimulation.
Function: Accelerates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, stimulates the conversion of lactic acid into glucose, releases glucose into the blood from the liver.
Estrogens
(Produced by, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Female Gonads (ovaries)
Target: Most body cells
Stimulus for Release: Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Function: Regulates the menstrual cycle and promotes breast development.
Estrogens and progesterone (together)
(Produced by, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Female Gonads (ovaries)
Target: Uterus and mammary glands
Stimulus for Release: Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Function: Regulates the menstrual cycle and promotes breast development.
Tesosterone
(Produced by, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Male Gonads (testes)
Target: Most cells of the body
Stimulus for Release: Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Function: Promotes the maturation of the male reproductive organs, the development of secondary sex characteristics, sperm production, and sex drive.
Thymic hormones (thymulin, thymosins, thymopoietins)
(Produced by, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Thymus
Target: They tend to act within the local tissues as paracrines.
Function: Thought to be involved in the development of T lymphocytes and the immune response, but their roles are not well understood.
Melatonin
(Produced by, target, the stimulus for release, function?)
Prod. By: Pineal gland
Function: exhibits a diurnal (daily) cycle. It peaks at night, making us sleep, and is lowest around noon.
