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Biology of the Cell > Unit 2: Hormones (Lectures 1-2) > Flashcards

Unit 2: Hormones (Lectures 1-2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hormone ?

A

A substance secreted directly into the blood by discrete specialised cells in response to a specific stimulus.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine glands (2)?

A
  • The production of hormones
  • Secretion of hormones into the bloodstream
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3
Q

What are the 4 classes of hormone action ?

A
  • Endocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Autocrine
  • Neuroendocrine
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4
Q

What is an endocrine hormone action ?

A

Secreted directly into the bloodstream and transported to a distant target tissue to exert its actions

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5
Q

What is the paracrine hormone action ?

A

Released by a gland cell and diffuses through the extracellular space to its target cell with the same gland

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6
Q

What is the autocrine hormone action ?

A

When a hormone is released by cell and that exerts its actions on the same cell

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7
Q

What is the neuroendocrine hormone action ?

A

When a neuronal hormone is released into a synaptic cleft adjacent to where the neurone contacts the target cell

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8
Q

What are the 4 classes of hormones ?

A
  • Protein and peptide hormones
  • Steroid hormones
  • Hormones derived from tyrosine
  • Eicosanoids
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9
Q

What is the main category of glycoprotein peptide hormones ?

A

Gonadotrophins such as LH and FSH

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10
Q

Where are steroid hormones synthesised ?

A

Mainly in the adrenal cortex, testis, ovaries and placenta

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11
Q

What is the structure of a steroid hormone ?

A

3 six membered rings and 1 five membered ring

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12
Q

Are steroids hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic and what does this mean for its transport ?

A

They are hydrophobic. This means they are transported in the blood stream to carrier proteins and can pass through the cell membrane

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13
Q

What is the structure of a catecholamine and give 3 examples

A

Structure = benzene ring with 2 adjacent hydroxyl groups and amine side chain
Examples = Adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine

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14
Q

How to catecholamines work ?

A

They are hydrophilic so bind to GPCRs on the plasma membrane

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15
Q

How do thyroid hormones work ?

A

They are hydrophobic and enter cell via transporter proteins and bind to nuclear receptors

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16
Q

What the the 2 classes of eicosanoid messengers ?

A
  • Prostaglandins
  • Leukotrienes
17
Q

How do eicosanoids work ?

A

They bind to GPCRs on target cells

18
Q

How are hydrophobic hormones generally transported ?

A

In the blood bound to carrier proteins

19
Q

What 2 types of hormone does the hypothalamus release ?

A
  • Releasing
  • Inhibitory
20
Q

What are the 5 main hormones found in the anterior pituitary ?

A
  • Somatatroph
  • Lactotroph
  • Corticotroph
  • Thyrotroph
  • Gonadotroph
21
Q

What vessels connect the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary ?

A

Hypothalamic-hypophysical portal vessels

22
Q

Where are hormones produced by neurones in the hypothalamus secreted ?

A

In the median eminence

23
Q

What is the function of a hormone ?

A

To regulate the activity of its target cells in a specific manner

24
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary receive feedback signals from ?

A

The target glands

25
Q

What is a tripeptide made up from ?

A

3 amino acids

26
Q

What is TSH ?

A

A glycoprotein hormone

27
Q

What hormones are involved in metabolism ?

A

1) TRH
2) TSH
3) T3/T4

28
Q

Explain the process of metabolism (4 steps)

A

1) TRH binds to TRH-R in the anterior pituitary
2) This stimulates release of TSH by pituitary
3) TSH-R is a GPCR that activates the cAMP pathway to increase T4/T3
4) T3/T4 binds to the thyroid hormone receptor which is an intracellular receptor

29
Q

Where is GHRH secreted ?

A

It is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the hypothalamus

30
Q

How does GHRH work ?

A

It binds to GHRH-R in the anterior pituitary and stimulates GH secretion. Key regulator of growth and metabolism. Ghrelin stimulates GHRH secretion

31
Q

What is Ghrelin ?

A

The hunger hormone

32
Q

What is the function of IGF-1 ?

A

Bone and muscle growth

33
Q

In children what disease can excess growth hormone lead to ?

A

Gigantism- proportional increased stature

34
Q

In adults what disease can excess growth hormone lead to ?

A

Acromegaly- disproportionate growth

35
Q

How are gigantism and acromegaly treated ?

A

Surgery to remove tumor in pituitary gland

Biology of the Cell (10 decks)

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