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DMH Part 1 > Hormones etc... > Flashcards

Hormones etc... Flashcards

1
Q

secretin

A
  • physiologic hormone
  • elevates cAMP
  • duodenal and jejunal S cells
  • pH < 4, free fatty acids in the small intestine
  • secretion of HCO3 - and H2O by pancreas and biliary tract
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2
Q

gastrin

A
  • physiologic hormone
  • elevates Ca2+
  • G cells in pyloric antrum of stomach
  • vagal stimulation (neural), peptides in stomach, stretch of stomach, GRP
  • HCl secretion from oxyntic (parietal) cells, stimulates growth of mucosa, increased levels –> gastric contractility and pyloric sphincter closure
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3
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A
  • physiologic hormone, neurotrnasmitter (NANC)
  • elevated Ca2+
  • duodenal and jejunal I cells, hypothalamic neurons, enteric neurons
  • certain amino acids and free fatty acids in the small intestine
  • pancreatic secretion od=f enzymes and gall bladder contraction, incresed levels –> gastric motility (inhibits propulsion), pyloric sphincter closure, satiety
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4
Q

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 (GLP1)

A
  • phsiologic hormone
  • elevates cAMP
  • duodenal L cells throughout small intestine to upper colon
  • luminal glucose and essential amino acids
  • secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells, reduce secretion of glucagon from alpha cells, at physiologic levels inhibits gastric emptying, significant satiety effects
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5
Q

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

A
  • physiologic hormone
  • elevates cAMP
  • duodenal K cells throughout the small intestine
  • luminal glucose
  • secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells, reduce secretion of glucagon from alpha cells
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6
Q

Pancreatic Peptide (PP)

A
  • candidate hormone
  • islets of Langerhans
  • nutrients in intestines (glucose)
  • inhibits pancreatic enzyme and HCO3 - secretion, maybe a “break” on secretion
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7
Q

motilin

A
  • candidate hormone
  • intestine
  • trigger unknown
  • action unknown
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8
Q

ghrelin

A
  • candidate horone
  • gastric mucosa
  • trigger unknown
  • stimulates hunger during inter-digestive periods
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9
Q

enterogastrone

A
  • candidate hormone
  • small intestine
  • trigger unknown
  • feedback to aacid secreting glands to stimulate or inhibit secretion
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10
Q

entero-oxyntin

A
  • candidate hormone
  • small intestine
  • trigger unknown
  • feedback to acid secreting glands to stimulate or inhibit secretion
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11
Q

somatostatin

A
  • peptide
  • paracrine, neurotransmitter
  • submucosa
  • inhibits gastrin secretion by G cells
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12
Q

histamine

A
  • peptide
  • paracrine
  • enterochromaffin cells, submucosa
  • stimulates acid secretion from parietal (oxyntic) cells, activates crypt fluid secretion in intestine and colon
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13
Q

Substance P

A
  • peptide
  • neurotransmitter (NANC)
  • salivary glands
  • secretion, enhanced blood flow
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14
Q

neurotensin

A
  • peptide
  • neurotransmitter (NANC)
  • mucosa and muscle of gut, colon
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15
Q

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)

A
  • peptide
  • neurotransmitter (NANC)
  • elevates cAMP (intestinal mucosa)
  • mucosa and muscle of gut, colon
  • relaxation of smooth muscle, activates NaCl and H2O secretion
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16
Q

guanylin

A
  • peptide
  • neurotransmitter (NANC)
  • elevates cAMP (intestinal mucosa)
  • relaxation of smooth muscle, activates NaCl and H2O secretion
17
Q

enkephalins

A
  • peptide
  • neurotransmitter (NANC)
  • mucosa and muscle of gut
  • sphincter muscle contraction
18
Q

Gastrin Releasing Peptide (GRP) or bombesin

A
  • peptide
  • neurotransmitter (NANC)
  • gastric mucosa
  • stimulates gastrin release from G cells
19
Q

kallikrein

A
  • salivary glands, mesenchymal cells
  • bradykinin, relaxation of smooth muscle
20
Q

aldosterone and ADH

A
  • salivary glands, mesencymal cells
  • influence composition of saliva during low flow only
21
Q

Glicentin

A

Glicentin is a proglucagon-derived peptide mainly produced in the L-intestinal cells. While the roles of other members of the proglucagon family including glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2 and oxyntomodulin has been well studied, the functions and variation of glicentin in human are not fully understood. Experimental and clinical studies have highlighted its role in both intestinal physiology and glucose metabolism, pointing to its potential interest in a wide range of pathological states including gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders.

22
Q

Insulin

A

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use.

  • release stimulated by glucose, glucagon, leucine, ketone bodies, acetylcholine and incretins (a group of gastrointestinal hormones GLP 1 and GIP)
  • inhibitied by low glucose concentraion and sympathetic input during times of stress
23
Q

GRPP

A

Peptides derived from the glucagon gene Gcg, for example, glucagon and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), act as physiological regulators of fuel metabolism and are thus of major interest in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as type-2 diabetes and obesity, and their therapeutic management. Glicentin-related pancreatic polypeptide (GRPP) is a further, 30 amino acid Gcg-derived peptide identified in human, mouse, rat, and pig. However, the potential glucoregulatory function of this peptide is largely unknown.

24
Q

Oxyntomodulin

A

Oxyntomodulin (often abbreviated OXM) is a naturally occurring 37-amino acid peptide hormone found in the colon, produced by the oxyntic (fundic) cells of the oxyntic (fundic) mucosa. It has been found to suppress appetite. The mechanism of action of oxyntomodulin is not well understood.

25
Q

Glucagon

A

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It works to raise the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream, and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body.

  • stimulated by hypoglycemia and amino acids
  • stimulates the release of insulin, but insulin suppresses the release of glucagon
26
Q

Somatostatin

A

Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.

27
Q

beta cells

A

Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in pancreatic islets that synthesize and secrete insulin and amylin. Beta cells make up 50–70% of the cells in human islets

28
Q

alpha cells

A

Alpha cells (more commonly alpha-cells or α-cells) are endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. They make up to 20% of the human islet cells synthesizing and secreting the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood.

29
Q

delta cells

A

Delta cells (δ-cells or D cells) are somatostatin-producing cells. They can be found in the stomach, intestine and the pancreatic islets. … Ghrelin can also strongly stimulate somatostatin secretion, thus indirectly inhibiting insulin release.

DMH Part 1 (35 decks)

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