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IB Biology HL > Hormones and Reporduction > Flashcards

Hormones and Reporduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Define hormone

A

Molecule released in small amounts into blood to bring messages to different parts of the body (need target cells and receptors)

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2
Q

What does homeostasis involve?

A

Maintaining internal environment between limits, including blood pH, CO2 concentration, blood glucose concentration, body temp, and water balance

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3
Q

Where is insulin made and what is its function?

A
  • Made in beta cells in the pancreas (“binsulin”)
  • When blood glucose is too high, insulin stimulates other cells to absorb glucose for cell respiration
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4
Q

Where is glucagon made and what is its function?

A
  • Made in alpha cells in the pancreas
  • When blood glucose is too low, it stimulates breakdown of glycogen into glucose (in muscle and liver)
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5
Q

What is the function of thyroxin?

A

Regulate metabolic rate + control body temperature

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6
Q

What is the function of leptin?

A

Acts on hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite

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7
Q

What is the function of melatonin?

A
  • Encourages drowsiness in evening, and low levels in morning to wake
  • Drops core temperature
  • Released by hypothalamus to maintain daily rhythems
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8
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Malfunction in blood glucose control system

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9
Q

Describe cause, age onset, and treatment of type 1 diabetes

A
  • Pancreatic cells are attacked by own immune system so beta cells don’t produce enough insulin (auto immune disorder)
  • onset usually childhood
  • treated by insulin shots (diet not enough)
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10
Q

Describe cause, age onset, and treatment of type 2 diabetes

A
  • When target cells become insensitive to insulin (deficient in insulin receptors)
  • onset generally after childhood (gradually)
  • Low car diet + exercise can usually treat/control
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11
Q

What are dangers of not treating diabetes?

A
  • high glucose levels can damage blood cells, nerves, and organs
  • impairs water reabsorption in kidneys
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12
Q

List the parts of the male reproductive system and give 4 functions

A
  • Testis: produce sperm and testosterone
  • epididymis: store sperm until ejaculation
  • sperm duct: transfer sperm during ejaculation
  • seminal vesicle: secrete fluid containing alkali, proteins, and fructose, which is added to sperm to make semen alkaline
  • other parts: penis, urethra, bladder, prostate gland, scrotum
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13
Q

List the parts of the female reproductive system and give 4 functions

A
  • ovary: produces eggs, estrogen + progesterone
  • uterus: provides for needs of embryo and fetus during pregnancy
  • oviduct: collects eggs @ ovulation, provides for fertilization, the moves embryo to uterus
  • cervix: protects fetus, dilates for birth canal
  • others parts: opening duct, vagina
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14
Q

Outline the patterns of the 4 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

A
  • FSH: rises @ start of cycle, stimulating follicle development + estrogen secretion
  • Estrogen: rises to peak by end of follicular phase, stimulates endometrium thickening and repair (high estrogen inhibits FSH and stimulates LH secretion)
  • LH: sharp peak @ end of follicular, stimulates meiosis in oocyte and partial digestion of follicular wall (causes wall to become corpus luteum, stimulating estrogen + progesterone)
  • Progesterone: rises @ start of luteal phase (after ovulation), promotes endometrium thickening and inhibits FSH and LH
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15
Q

What happens to hormones when implantation does not occur?

A

Progesterone + estrogen levels crash –> allows FSH to rise, and signal start of bleeding

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16
Q

Name the parts of a male gamete (sperm)

A

Arcosome (exterior), haploid nucleus, plasma membrane, helical mitochondria (for energy), microtubules and protein fibers (in tail)

17
Q

Name the parts of a female gamete (egg)

A

Layer of follicle cells, cortical granules, first polar cell, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, two centrioles, haploid nuclei

18
Q

List 3 roles of testosterone in males

A
  • Cause male genetelia to develop in fetus
  • Sperm production and development of secondary characteristics during puberty (beard, lower voice)
  • Maintains sex drive, leading to intercourse and passing of genes in adulthood
19
Q

Outline the processes involved with spermatogenesis in order

A
  • germinal epithelial cells divide by mitosis producing diploid cells
  • undergo growth to form primary spermatocytes
  • these undergo meiosis I to form 2 primary spermatocytes
  • Spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to make 2 spermatids (4 total)
  • Spermatids associate with nurse cells (sertoli) and differentiate into spermatozoa
  • they detach (all occurs in seminiferous tubules in testis)
20
Q

Outline the processes involved in oogenesis

A
  • germinal cells in female fetus undergo mitosis and grow to primary oocyte
  • 1st stage of meiosis starts but stops during prophase I
  • primary oocyte and surrounding epithelial form primary follicle
  • meiosis I of primary cycles completed during menstruation: forms 2 haploid nuclei with unequal distribution of cytoplasm for form large secondary oocyte and polar body
  • secondary oocyte starts meiosis II, stops during prophase II, follicle cell divides increasing fluid
  • ovulation: follicle bursts releasing secondary oocyte (meiosis II completes after fertilization + another polar body made)
21
Q

Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis: Starts in puberty and goes to old age, 4 sperms per meiosis, continuous (produces a lot), small cells
Oogenesis: Starts in fetal development and goes until menopause, 1 egg per meiosis, produces once a month (pausing a lot), pretty large cells
Both: begin with germinal epithelial cells, undergo mitosis, growth

22
Q

Describe the process of fertilization

A
  • Sperm attracted by chemical signal, then bind to zona pellucida.
  • Triggers arcosome reaction: protease from arcosome digests holes in zona pellucida
  • Fusion of plasma membrane of egg and sperm triggers cortical reaction
  • Cortical reaction: cortical granules fuse w/membrane, releasing enzymes than cause glycoproteins to cross link in zona pellucida (making it impenetrable).
23
Q

Outline early embryo development. to implantation of blastocyst

A
  • In fallopian tube, 2-cell embryo divides until becoming blastocysts (hollow ball)
  • Travels thru oviduct to uterus, and implants in uterine lining
  • hCG secreted after implantation to keep corpus luteum secreting hormones.
24
Q

What is the role of placenta?

A
  • Produce estrogen + progesterone (n place of corpus luteum)
  • Region of exchange between mother + fetus (O2, nutrients, water, hormones)
25
Q

Describe the features of placenta that support this exchange

A
  • placenta villi: increase SA for gas exchange (fetal blood thru capillaries in villi)
  • intervillus space: where maternal blood flows
  • Chorion: barrier to control what goes in + out (mitochondria for active transport)
  • fetal blood thru 2 deoxygenated arteries, maternal blood through 1 oxygenated vein
26
Q

Outline process of birth (and how hormones control)

A
  • end of pregnancy: progesterone drops + oxytocin increases
  • oxytocin causes contractions (+ increases oxytocin) causing cervix to get wider
  • amniotic sack bursts, labor until cervix 10 cm dilated
  • baby pushed thru birth canal + cervix, umbilical cut
  • more contractions push out placenta + amniotic sac
27
Q

Outline steps of IVF

A
  • cycle suppressed with drugs, dosage of LH + FSH stimulate follicles
  • hCG injected 36 hours before egg collection
  • eggs extracted from follicles via vaginal walls
  • eggs mixed w/ sperm in dish
  • embryos put into uterus post ovualtion (progesterone administerd)
  • pregnancy @ 14 days, fetus @ 4 weeks
28
Q

Why might someone chose to get IVF?

A

Genetics, low sperm/egg count, infertility etc

IB Biology HL (13 decks)

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