Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IB Biology HL > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does molecular biology explain

A

living processes in terms of chemical substances involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many bonds does carbon form and its impact

A

carbon atoms can form 4 bonds allowing diversity of compounds to exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name 4 carbon compounds life is based on

A

Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is metabolism?

A

web of all the enzymes catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is anabolism?

A

synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules, including formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions (eg: protein synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is catabolism?

A

breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers (eg: digestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is urea?

A

example of complex molecule that is produced by living organisms but can be artificially synthesized (the first)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

differentiate between carbohydrate, protein, and lipid in terms of structure

A
  • Carbs: chains of hexagons and polygons (2:1 hydro:carbon)
  • protein: globular or fibrous, variety of R groups
  • lipid: long strands, saturated, trans-unsaturated, or cis- unsaturated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the structural properties of water

A
  • water molecules are polar
  • hydrogen bonds form between them (hydrogen to oxygen)
  • Negative oxygen molecule with two branching positive hydrogen molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what properties of water can be explained by bonding and dipolarity?

A

Adhesive, cohesive, thermal, solvent, high surface tension, high boiling point, low density when frozen, high latent heat of vaporization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do properties of water compare to methane?

A
  • similar size (but 4 branches of H off of O2)
  • water is polar, methane non-polar
  • water has “higher” properties like density, molar mass, boiling points etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is water used as a coolant in sweat?

A
  • prevents overheating
  • high latent head of vaporization allows us to get rid of heat when sweat evaporates
  • lots of energy needed to evaporate, therefore energy drawn from body
  • humans transfer heat efficiently vs dogs + birds
  • plants use transpiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does water help transport glucose, oxygen, amino acids, cholesterol, fats, and sodium chloride in blood?

A
  • blood plasma within blood made with water
  • sodium chloride dissolves freely
  • some amino acids dissolve, some are transported
  • glucose is polar so dissolves freely
  • oxygen non-polar, not good at dissolving in warm temps, thus needs hemoglobin
  • fats are non-polar + insoluble: lipoproteins (phospholipids) carry the fat and cholesterol is spheres, keeps them inside
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do monosaccharide monomers link together?

A
  • they are linked together by condensation reaction (release of H2O) to form disaccharides and polysaccharides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

list 3 examples each of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides:
- glucose
- galactose
- fructose
- ribose

Disaccharides
- sucrose (glu + fru)
- maltose (glu + glu)
- lactose (glu + gal)

Polysaccharides
- starch
- cellulose
- glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

list the functions of 3 polysaccharides

A
  • Starch: sugars, stored in plants temporarily to prevent osmosis
  • cellulose: used for structure in plant cell wall
  • glycogen: made by animals and some fungi as sugar storage, humans store in muscle and liver (overflow)
17
Q

what are the 3 kinds of fatty acids?

A

saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated

18
Q

what are the 2 types of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

cis and trans isomers

19
Q

how are triglycerides formed?

A

formed by condensation from 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

20
Q

describe the structure and function of cellulose in plants

A
  • structure: open straight links
  • function: structure in cell wall
21
Q

structure + function of starch in plants

A
  • structure: alpha glucose all pointing same way, form either helical shape (amylose) or branched shape (amylopectin)
  • function: stored temporarily to prevent osmosis
22
Q

structure + function of glycogen in humans

A
  • structure: branched like starch, more branches aka more compact
  • function: sugar storage in muscles + liver
23
Q

what is some scientific evidence of health risks of trans-fats and sat-fats?

A
  • sat-fats are naturally occurring, trans-fats created artificially
  • increased risk of CHD with intake of sat-fats and trans-fats, although some populations disprove
  • coronary arteries become partially blocked by fat leading to blood clots and heart attack
24
Q

compare the energy storage of lipids vs carbohydrates

A
  • lipids can store up to 2x more energy/gram than carbs
  • carbs require water, hence fats 6x more efficient in amount of energy
  • carbs can be accessed more quickly
  • lipids more suitable for long term storage
25
Q

what is the evidence and methods used to obtain evidence for health claims about lipids?

A
  • evidence: positive correlation between amount of trans-fats + sat-fats consumed are rates of CHD
  • methods of collecting evidence: research programs into sat-fat correlation, tho not all populations agree with trend (Maasai people of Kenya)
  • people who died of CHD had higher concentration of trans-fats in fat deposits
26
Q

how do cellulose, starch, and glycogen compare with molecular visualization?

A
  • cellulose: 3 layers of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen structures, middle with more (like a sandwich, all beta glucose, not digestible, 1-4 bonds)
  • glycogen: tubular structure with branches
  • starch
    amylose: tube spiraled like DNA (1-4 alpha glucose bonds)
    amylopectin: non-spiral in crooked form (like zig zag, 1-4 and 1-6 bonds)
27
Q

how do you calculate BMI and use nomograms?

A
  • BMI = weight (lb) / height
  • can also use table called nomogram
28
Q

how do amino acids link and what do they form?

A

amino acids are linked by condensation to form polypeptides

29
Q

what do proteins consist of?

A

may consist of simple polypeptides or more than one polypeptide linked

30
Q

what determines the 3D conformation of a protein?

A

the amino acid sequence

31
Q

what is the connection between proteins and living organisms?

A

living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a wide variety of functions

32
Q

identify and describe (+ structure) 3 different proteins essential to humans

A
  • insulin: hormone that signals to cells in body to absorb glucose and reduce blood glucose concentration. Transported by blood, recepted in cell membrane (globular chains)
  • collagen: rope like structure, most abundant protein in body. Forms mesh of fibers in skin and blood vessels to prevent tearing.
  • rhodopsin: membrane protein of rod cells in retina of eye. Allows for the retina molecule to change shape upon absorbing light photons, sending nerve impulses to the brain. (globular rope)
33
Q

what are the nucleic acids of DNA and RNA?

A

polymers of nucleotides

34
Q

how does DNA differ from RNA?

A

differs by the number of strands normally present, the base composition, and type of pentose

35
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

a double helix made of 2 antiparallel strands of nucleotides linked together by hydrogen boding between complementary bases

36
Q

what are the names of the nitrogenous bases and which are complementary?

A
  • bases in DNA: cytosine (C), adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T)
  • bases unique to RNA: uracil (U)
  • complementary pairs: adenine + thymine (A+T), cytosine and guanine (C+G)
37
Q

which bases are purine vs pyrimidine?

A
  • purine: adenine and guanine (2 rings)
  • pyrimidine: cytosine and thymine (1 ring)
38
Q

describe Crick and Watson’s discovery of the double helix?

A
  • Rosalind created and x-ray of the double helix
  • Crick and Watson saw and store the x-ray, creating a 3D model based on their calculations, and were recognized first despite Rosalind initial findings

IB Biology HL (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions