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IB Biology HL > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline cell theory + atypical examples

A

3 elements:
- living things are composed of cells
- cells are the smallest unit of life
- all cells come from existing cells
exceptions:
- muscle fibers are very long (multiple nuclei)
- most fungi have hyphae (thread structure with many nuclei)
- giant algae are much larger

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2
Q

List the 7 functions of life (Mr H. Nerg)

A
  • metabolism: chemical reactions
  • reproduction: making offspring
  • homeostasis: keeping inside conditions controlled
  • nutrition: getting food
  • excretion: removal of waste products
  • response: responding to stimuli
  • growth: increase in size
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3
Q

what are the 7 functions of life in paramecium

A
  • meta: yeast turns blue in cytoplasm
  • rep: cell division thru mitosis
  • homeo: contractile vacuole fills with water
  • nutr: food vacuoles (yeast enters thru oral grove)
  • excre: plasma membrane excreting yeast/waste
  • resp: responds to cotton fiber + increase in food
  • growth: will get larger
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4
Q

compare light microscopes vs electron microscopes

A

Light
- uses light to bounce thru specimen + lens
- cheaper
Electron:
- uses electrons to bounce off specimen (creates more detail)
- more expensive + larger

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5
Q

how to do calculate magnification

A

mag = size of drawing/size of specimen (actual)
mm x 1000 to get nM (and round to sig figs)

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6
Q

Label and describe functions of the parts of a prokaryote

A
  • pili: used for cell adhesion (look like tentacles)
  • nucleoid region: naked loop of DNA
  • plasma membrane: control what goes in and out
  • ribosomes: location of protein synthesis
  • plasmid: to store genes + DNA
  • flagela: used for motion
  • cell wall: structure and protection
  • cytoplasm: fluid, place for enzyme reactions
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7
Q

compare prokaryote vs eukaryote

A

Similarities
- cytoplasm for reactions
- smallest unit of life
- enzymes
- ribosomes
- plasma membrane
- DNA

Differences
- pro: nucleous region, euk: true nucleous
- pro: no mitochondria, euk: yes mitochondria
- pro: much smaller, euk: larger
- pro: have pili, euk: no pili
- pro: 70s ribosomes, euk: 80s ribosomes
- pro: naked DNA, euk: histone protein DNA

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8
Q

compare plant and animal cells

A

Animal
- no chloroplasts
- no cell wall
- small to no vacuole
- lysosomes

Plant:
- chloroplasts
- cell wall
- water vacuole
- no lysosomes

Both:
- plasma membrane
- eukaryotic
- nucleolus
- vacuoles
- mitochondria

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9
Q

Compare the Davson-Danielli vs Singer-Nicolson membrane models and the evidence they used

A

Davson-Danielli
- protein sandwich with phospholipid bilayer in middle
- examined membranes with electron microscopes showing railroad with dark edges (protein) and lighter centers (phospholipid)
Singer-Nicolson
- fluid mosaic model: several kinds of proteins
- proven by the fluidity of the membrane and ability of proteins to mix and flow with others (tagged red and green)
- not a smooth membrane

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10
Q

How do amphipathic (hydrophobic + philic) properties of membranes maintain their structure?

A
  • phospholipids have two ends, hydrophilic (non-polar) tails and hydrophobic (polar) heads
  • the heads want to be near water, like outside or cytoplasm, and tails want to be away from water
  • creates amphipathic bilayer so they don’t move
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11
Q

what is the role of cholesterol in animal membranes?

A
  • is hydrophobic, so stays near tails
  • decreases membrane fluidity in hot temps
  • increases fluidity in cold temps
  • reduces permeability for hydrophilic ions
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12
Q

define diffusion and osmosis + their lab application

A

Osmosis
- movement of water across membrane from low solute concentrate to high
- showed by dialysis tubing lab - water passed thru tube to reach corn syrup concentration
Diffusion:
- simple: movement of particles from high to low concentration
- facilitated: simple diffusion through the help of hydrophilic channel or pore in membrane

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13
Q

explain active transport across membranes by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

A
  • Active transport cannot use diffusion, particles are going against the concentration gradient
  • ATP is used to carry out, particles move thru globular proteins
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14
Q

what is the role of protein pumps + ATP in active transport?

A
  • protein pumps are like channels in the protein, open to ions the cannot pass thru simple diffusion
  • ATP allows the pumps to change openings for ions to pass
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15
Q

Outline the 5 steps of the sodium-potassium pump

A
  1. three sodium ions enter pump and attach to sides when protein opens to inside of axon
  2. ATP transfers a phosphate group, changing shape of protein
  3. pump opens to exterior of axon and ions release
  4. 2 potassium enter and bind to inside
  5. binding causes phosphates to release, pump changes shape and potassium ions released to exterior of axon
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16
Q

How do vesicles transport materials within the cell between rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane?

A
  • a vesicle containing proteins from ribosomes binds to the rough ER and is transported by the walking proteins pulling the vesicle along the fibers
  • the vesicle then connects to the membrane of the golgi body, where the particles are packaged and another vesicle buds of the golgi
  • this vesicle is transported to the membrane, where it connects and releases the packaged protein.
17
Q

How does the fluidity of membranes allow it to change shape, break, and re-form during endocytosis and exocytosis?

A
  • during endocytosis, a substance (usually water), will come into contact with the membrane, causing it to change shape to form a sac around it that can be moved within the cell
  • proteins in the membranes carry out the process with ATP
  • during exocytosis: the membrane creating the structure of the vesicle has fluidity to fuse with existing membrane for excretion.
18
Q

How do you estimate osmolarity by viewing samples in hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions?

A
  • determining osmolarity is determining the solute concentration of the substance to tissue
  • estimate by finding the isotonic concentration, when substance and tissue are of equal concentration
19
Q

list the elements of a plasma membrane

A
  • hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
  • cholesterol (around tails)
  • transmembrane protein (all the way across)
  • glycoprotein (on one side with parts sticking out)
  • glycolipid (sticks out of heads)
  • integral protein and peripheral protein (on one side, peripheral covering exterior of integral and sticks out)
20
Q

List the parts and functions of plant and animal cells

A

Animal
- vesicles (small circles): transport proteins + substances
- centriole (look like churros): used for cell division
- smooth ER (lines without dots): system of tubes w/o ribosomes, responsible for lipid production
- plasma membrane: controls what goes in and out
- ribosomes (small dots): location of protein synthesis
- nucleolus (large circles): produces ribosomes
- nucleus (smaller circle within): storage and synthesis of DNA
- cytoplasm: liquid inside, location of reactions
- golgi apparatus (grate shaped): packaging + exportation or proteins
- lysosomes (double circle): digestion using enzymes
- vacuole: storage of food and water
- rough ER: system of tubes and protein synthesis
- mitochondria: powerhouse, produce ATP

Plant Only
- cell wall: structure + protection
- cholorplasts: location of photosynthesis

IB Biology HL (13 decks)

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