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Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What are classical endocrine hormones?

A

Hormones that act on distant tissues to regulate metabolic function
Tend to be long lasting

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2
Q

What are the 2 local hormone types?

A

Paracrines and autocrines

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3
Q

What do paracrines do?

A

Act on target cells near release site

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4
Q

What do autocrines do?

A

Act on the cells that secreted them

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5
Q

What is the difference between classic and local hormones?

A

Classic - long lasting

Local - short lived

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6
Q

Classify hormones based on their chemical nature

A

Steroids (cholesterol)
Peptides and Glycoproteins
Amines
Eicosanoids

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7
Q

Describe steroid hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol
Circulate bound to carrier proteins to allow higher levels in blood
Mostly gonadal and adrenocortical

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8
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones

A

Pregnanes (Cortisol, Progesterone)
Androstanes (Testosterone)
Estranes (Estradiol)

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9
Q

What types of hormones are derived from cholesterol?

A

Steroids

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10
Q

What type of hormone are estradiol, tesosterone, and cortisol?

A

Steroids

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11
Q

Describe peptide hormones

A

Made from larger pro-hormones
Released into blood or stored in granules in producing cell
Bound to carrier protein in plasma to prevent proteolysis

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12
Q

Give examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Human Growth hormone (HGH)

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13
Q

What type of hormone are insulin, glucagon, PTH, and HGH?

A

Peptides

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14
Q

Describe glycoprotein hormones

A

2 alpha and 2 beta chains (alpha chains identical in all)
Water soluble, no carrier protein required
Short half life

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15
Q

Give examples of glycoprotein hormones

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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16
Q

What type of hormone are FSH, LH, TSH, and hCG?

A

Glycoproteins

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17
Q

Describe the polypeptide units in glycoprotein hormones

A

2 alpha and 2 beta
2 alpha the same in all hormones
2 beta chains differ between hormones, dictate functional properties and antigenicity

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18
Q

Give an example of how immunoassays might work against glycoprotein hormones

A

hCG immunoassays target the specific beta subunit in the hormone

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19
Q

Describe amine hormones

A

Derived from decarboxylated amino acids

Some circulate bound to carrier proteins to prevent filtration by kidneys due to their small size

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20
Q

Give examples of amine hormones

A

Epinerphrine, norepinephrine (circulate free, short lived)

Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3
circulate bound, long lasting)

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21
Q

What type of hormone are T3, T4, epinephrine, and norepinephrine?

A

Amines

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22
Q

Describe eicosanoids

A

Derived from arachidonic acid (fatty acid)

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23
Q

Give examples of eicosanoid hormones

A

Prostaglandins

Leukotrienes

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24
Q

What kind of hormone are prostaglandins and leukotrienes?

A

Eicosanoids

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25
Why are sensitive methods needed to measure hormones?
They have very low levels in the blood
26
How do hormones affect cells with receptors outside the cell?
First messengers bind and activate receptors causing an increase or decrease in the synthesis of the second messenger in the cell which activates the desired metabolic process
27
What hormones act as first messengers?
Lipid insoluble amine hormones (most) and peptide hormones
28
How do hormones affect cells with receptors inside the cell?
Hormones release from their carrier proteins and diffuse into the cell and bind with receptors The complex then binds to a hormone responsive element in the DNA
29
What hormones can diffuse into cells to activate receptors?
Fat soluble hydrophobic steroids and thyroid hormones
30
What 3 ways can hormone release be controlled?
Humoral Nervous Hormonal
31
Describe humoral hormone control
Release controlled by concentration of a substance in the blood
32
Give an example of humoral hormone control
Blood glucose levels influence secretion of glucagon and insulin Blood calcium levels affect parathyroid for PTH release
33
Describe nervous hormone control
Nerves stimulate release
34
Give an example of nervous hormone control
Neurons stimulate release of epinephrine from adrenal glands
35
Describe hormonal hormone control
Release controlled by other hormones
36
Give an example of hormonal hormone control
Hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate the pituitary to release other hormones
37
What 3 factors affect the amount of hormone that reaches the target cells?
Rate of production Rate of delivery (blood flow) Rate of degradation/elimination
38
Describe the difference between shutting off a hormone with a short vs long half life
Short half life = blood level decreases rapidly Long half life = blood level may persists for some time
39
Glucose influencing the release of glucagon and insulin is what type of hormone control?
Humoral
40
Neurons stimulating the release of oxytocin from the pituitary is what type of hormone control?
Nervous
41
Hypothalamus hormones stimulating hormone release from the pituitary is what type of hormone control?
Hormonal
42
How does a negative feedback loop work?
The products of the pathway inhibit the reaction that formed them
43
How are hormone levels usually controlled?
Negative feedback loops
44
Give an example of a negative feedback loop
T3/T4 regulation When T3/T4 drops below the threshold neurons in the hypothalamus secrete TRH TRH stimulates the pituitary to secrete TSH TSH binds to the thyroid to stimulate production of T3/T4 T3/T4 levels rising inhibits release of TRH
45
What does the hypothalamus do?
Secretes hormones to stimulate or suppress the release of hormones from the pitutary
46
What does the pineal body do?
Produces melatonin
47
What does the pituitary gland do?
Releases hormones to control many functions of other endocrine glands
48
What does the thyroid do?
Hormones play a role in body metabolism and calcium balance
49
What do the parathyroid glands do?
Regulate calcium balance via PTH
50
What does the thymus do?
Produces t-lymphocytes
51
What do the adrenal glands do?
Work with the hypothalmus and pituitary gland
52
``` Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Source, target, function ```
Hypothalamus, stored and released by posterior pituitary Kidney Water resorption
53
Oxytocin | Source, target, function
Hypothalamus, stored and released by posterior pituitary Uterus and breasts Contraction and milk release
54
Where do releasing factors come from and what do they act on
Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary Stimulate release of corresponding hormone
55
``` Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Source, target, function ```
Anterior pituitary Adrenal cortex Secretion of adrenal hormones
56
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | Source, target, function
Anterior pituitary Ovaries and tests Growth of follicles / seminiferous tubules
57
``` Luteinizing hormone (LH) Source, target, function ```
Anterior pituitary Ovaries and testes Production of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone
58
Prolactin (PRL) | Source, target, function
Anterior pituitary Ovaries and breasts Milk production and secretion of estrogen and progesterone from ovaries
59
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Source, target, function
Anterior pituitary Thyroid Stimulate secretion of thyroid hormones
60
``` Growth Hormone (GH) / Somatotropin Source, target, function ```
Anterior pituitary General Bone and tissue growth Release of insulin-like growth factor
61
Lipotropin (LPH) | Source, target, function
Anterior pituitary Adipocytes Fatty acid release
62
Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) | Source, target, function
Thyroid General Metabolism, growth, development
63
Calcitonin | Source, target, function
Thyroid Osteoclasts Inhibits bone resorption Lowers blood calcium Raises blood phosphorus
64
``` Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Source, target, function ```
Parathyroids Osteoclasts, kidneys, intestines Stimulates bone resorption Raises blood calcium Lowers blood phosphorus
65
Aldosterone | Source, target, function
Adrenal cortex Kidneys Sodium resorption
66
Cortisol | Source, target, function
Adrenal cortex Muscles, liver, general Protein and carbohydrate metabolism Raises blood glucose
67
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) | Source, target, function
Adrenal cortex Uterus, general Contractions Stimulate sex drive
68
Epinephrine | Source, target, function
Adrenal medulla Muscle, liver, heart Raises metabolic rate Increases blood glucose Increases heart rate
69
Nor-epinephrine | Source, target, function
Adrenal medulla Arterioles, live, heart Vasoconstrictor Lipid metabolism
70
Melatonin | Source, target, function
Pineal gland Gonads, pigment cells Regulates biorhythms
71
Glucagon | Source, target, function
Pancreatic alpha cells Liver, adipocytes Raises blood glucose
72
Insulin | Source, target, function
Pancreatic beta cells Liver, adipocytes, general Lowers blood glucose
73
Estrogens (estradiol, estrone) | Source, target, function
Ovaries Uterus, general Develop and maintain female characteristics
74
Progesterone | Source, target, function
Ovaries Uterus, general Develop uterine lining
75
Testosterone | Source, target, function
Testes General, reproductive organs Develop and maintain male characterisitics, spermatogenesis
76
Relaxin | Source, target, function
Ovaries and placenta Pelvic ligaments Relaxes pelvic ligaments
77
Inhibin | Source, target, function
Testes Anterior pituitary Inhibits release of FSH
78
``` Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Source, target, function ```
Placenta Anterior pituitary Release of FSH and LH
79
Gastrin | Source, target, function
Stomach antrum Stomach HCl and pepsin secretion Pancreatic secretions
80
Secretin | Source, target, function
Duodenal mucosa Pancreas Secretion of pancreatic juices
81
Cholecystokinin | Source, target, function
Duodenal mucosa Gallbladder Release of bile
82
Calcitriol (Vitamin D3) | Source, target, function
Diet, skin, liver, kidneys Kidneys, bone, intestines Raises blood calcium and phosphorus
83
What are the 2 hormone producing cell in the thyroid?
1. Follicular cells | 2. Perifollicular "C" cells
84
What do follicular thyroid cells do?
Produce T3 and T4
85
What do perifollicular "C" cells in the thyroid do?
Produce calcitonin
86
What element is required for T3/T4 formation?
Iodine
87
Describe how T3/T4 are formed in the thyroid
1. Follicular cells synthesize thyroglobulin 2. Iodine is absorbed and oxidized 3. Iodine attaches to thyroglobulin creating MIT or DIT 4. MIT+DIT = T3 or DIT+DIT = T4
88
What two products are created when iodine combines with thyroglobulin?
``` MIT = Monoiodotyrosine DIT = Diiodotyrosine ```
89
What are the 2 possible end products in T3/T4 formation?
DIT+MIT = Triiodothyronine (T3) | DIT + DIT = tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine (T4)
90
How does T3/T4 travel in the blood?
Almost all bound to plasma proteins (mostly TBG - thyroid binding globulin), saturated about 30% T4 50x more than T3
91
What is free T3/free T4
Active, unbound hormone that can bind with and enter cells
92
What happens to thyroid hormones at the target cells?
Hormones release from their carriers and bind to cells About 80% of T4 is converted to T3 FT3 4x as potent, not bound as tightly
93
How is T3/T4 production regulated?
Negative feedback loop TRH is produced in the hypothalamus when T3/T4 is low TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH TSH stimulates thyroid iodine uptake to form T3/T4 Increased T3/T4 levels inhibit release of TRH and TSH
94
What is the screening test for thyroid function?
TSH
95
What tests are added is TSH levels are abnormal?
T3/T4
96
When would T4 become the frontline thyroid screening test?
If pituitary function is abnormal (abnormal TSH secretion)
97
What effect does T3/T4 have on cells?
Stimulates glucose oxidation (increased metabolic rate) Regulates growth and development Maintains blood pressure
98
How does the lab test for TSH work?
Two step immunoassay 1. Extraction: solid phase beta specific antibody bind TSH by the beta chains 2. Labelling: labelled alpha specific antibody added to bind TSH by alpha chains Label directly proportional with TSH concentration
99
Which antibody in the TSH test gives specificity? Sensitivity?
Anti-beta gives specificity (specific for TSH) | Anti-alpha gives sensitivity
100
How are free T3/T4 measured?
Extraction: solid phase antibody binds T3/T4 Serum removed Labelled thyroid hormone added to bind free antibodies Label inversely related to T4 concentration
101
Define hyperthyroid
High levels of circulating T3/T4
102
Define hypothyroid
Low levels of circulating T3/T4
103
What "primary thyroid disorder" mean?
Disorder of the thyroid gland itself Thyroid over/under producing on its own accord
104
What does "secondary thyroid disorder" mean?
Disorder with the glands that control the thyroid (pituitary / hypothalamus) Glands telling thyroid to over/under produce
105
What will TSH and T3/T4 levels be in: Primary hyperthyroid?
TSH: decreased | T3/T4: increased
106
What will TSH and T3/T4 levels be in: Primary hypothyroid?
TSH: increased | T3/T4: decreased
107
What will TSH and T3/T4 levels be in: Secondary hyperthyroid?
TSH: increased | T3/T4: increased
108
What will TSH and T3/T4 levels be in: Secondary hypothyroid?
TSH: decreased | T3/T4: decreased
109
What is thyrotoxicosis?
Primary hyperthyroidism with severely increased T3/T4
110
What are general symptoms of hyperthryroid?
``` Nervous Weight loss with same intake Diarrhea Hot Irritable Goiter ```
111
What is Grave's disease?
Autoimmune form of hyperthyroid
112
What causes Grave's disease?
Antibody against TSH receptors on thyroid Binding to thyroid TSH receptors to stimulate T3/T4 production
113
What are the lab findings in Grave's disease?
TSH: low T3/T4: high Positive for thyroid antibodies (likely TRAb)
114
What is a thyroid storm?
Life threatening uncontrolled hyperthroid | Usually occurs when hyperthyroid person is suddenly stressed
115
What is secondary hyperthyroidism?
Overproduction of T3/T4 due to over stimulation of thyroid because of hypothalamus or pituitary Overproduction of TRH and/or TSH
116
What are lab results of secondary hyperthyroid?
TSH: high | T3/T4: high
117
What are general symptoms of hypothyroid?
Cold Tired Weight gain Constipation
118
What might cause hypothyroid?
``` Removal of all or part of thyroid Overdoes of antithyroid medicine Thyroid atrophy Thyroid antibodies Inability of pituitary to produce TSH (secondary) ```
119
What might cause hyperthyroid?
Tumors Nodules Inflammation Antibodies
120
What is primary hypothyroid?
Decreased production of T3/T4 despite increased TSH
121
What is secondary hypothyroid?
Failure of thyroid gland due to inadequate TSH | Primary pituitary failure or hypothalamic dysfunction (tertiary hypothyroid)
122
What might cause pituitary failure?
Tumors Head trauma Radiation Idiopathic
123
What is Hashimoto's Thyroiditis?
Inflammation of the thyroid due to anti-thyroid antibodies
124
What are lab findings in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis?
TSH: high T3/T4: low Thyroid antibodies, likely anti-TPO
125
What are some pituitary gland disorders?
``` Acromegaly Cushing's Disease Amenorrhea/Galactorrhea Syndrome Hypogandism Hypothyroidism ```
126
What are some disorders of the adrenal glands?
``` Addison's Disease Conn's Syndrome Cushing's Syndrome Drug-related temporary adrenal insufficiency Pheochromocytoma ```
127
What are some disorders of the parathyroid gland?
Hyperparathyroidism (Hypercalcemia) | Parathyroid Hormone Deficiency (Hypoparathyroidism)
128
What is acromegaly?
Enlargement of body tissues
129
What causes acromegaly?
Over secretion of growth hormone and insulin like growth hormone
130
What are lab results in acromegaly?
GH: high IGF: high MRI, thyroid tests
131
What is Cushing's Disease?
Redistribution of fat to face an trunk, rapid protein breakdown
132
What are lab results in Cushing's Disease?
ACTH: high Prolactin, 24 hour urine free cortisol
133
What is amenorrhea/galactorrhea syndrome?
Stop of menstruaton or production of milk not related to birth
134
What are lab results in amenorrhea/galactorrhea syndrome?
Prolactin: high
135
What is hypogonadism?
Delayed sexual maturation, or loss of libido, or loss of ovary/testes function
136
What causes hypogonadism?
Underproduction of FSH and/or LH
137
What are lab results in hypogonadism?
Low FSH and/or LH
138
What causes amenorrhea/galactorrhea syndrome?
Over secretion of prolactin
139
What causes Cushing's Disease?
Over secretion of ACTH by benign pituitary tumor Sometimes adrenal tumor or cancer
140
What is Addison's Disease?
Under activity of adrenal glands causing gastro symptoms and problems coming with stresses like infection
141
What causes Addison's Disease?
Usually autoimmune destruction of adrenal glands
142
What are lab tests in Addison's Disease?
Cortisol | ACTH
143
What is Conn's Syndrome?
Primary hyperaldosteronism causing high blood pressure, low potassium Disruption of muscle function
144
What causes Conn's Syndrome?
Usually small adrenal gland tumors that produce too much aldosterone
145
What are lab tests in Conn's Syndrome?
Aldosterone Potassium Sodium
146
What is Cushing's Syndrome?
Similar to Cushing's Disease (Redistribution of fat to face an trunk, rapid protein breakdown) Over secretion of cortisol
147
What causes Cushing's Syndrome?
Usually due to benign adrenal tumor
148
What are lab tests in Cushing's Syndrome?
Cortisol: high | 24 hour urine cortisol
149
What is drug-related temporary adrenal insufficiency?
Under activity of adrenals due to chronic suppression of ACTH production due to sudden cessation of steroid drugs (may cause Addison's disease or atrophy)
150
What causes drug-related temporary adrenal insufficiency?
Sudden cessation of long term use of steroid medication for other conditions
151
What are lab test for drug-related temporary adrenal insufficiency?
Cortisol | ACTH
152
What is Pheochromocytoma?
``` High blood pressue Headaches Palpitations Sweating "Sense of doom" ```
153
What causes Pheochromocytoma?
Adrenal gland tumor causes release of excessive epinephrine and nor-epinephrine
154
What are lab tests for Pheochromocytoma?
Epinephrine | Nor-epinephrine
155
What is hyperparathyroidism?
Overproduction of parathyroid hormone causing high blood calcium levels, kidney stones
156
What causes hyperparathyroidism?
Usually single benign tumor
157
What are lab test for hyperparathyroidism?
Calcium Phosphate PTH 24 hour urine calcium
158
What is hypoparathyroidism?
Low levels of blood calcium cause muscle spasm, seizures, thin bones
159
What causes hypoparathyroidism?
Occasionally after thyroid or parathyroid surgery, autoimmune
160
What are tests for hypoparathyroidism?
Calcium Phorphorus Calcitonin Vitamin D
161
Define endocrine hormones including function and duration
Chemicals secreted into extracellular fluids to regulate metabolic functions of other cells and maintain homeostasis Tend to have prolonged effects
162
List the 3 main classes of endocrine hormones including sub-classes
Steroids (Pregnanes, androstanes, estranes) Amino Acid Based (peptides, glycoproteins, amines) Eicosanoids
163
List the four glycoprotein hormones and state which structure is common for all, and which is specific
TSH, FSH, LH, hCG Common: alpha chains Specific: beta chains
164
List examples of amine hormones
T3 / triiodo T4 / thyroxine Epinephrine Nor-epinephrine
165
List examples of amine hormones
T3 / triiodothyronine T4 / thyroxine Epinephrine Nor-epinephrine
166
State the reasons why certain classes of hormones must circulate bound to carrier proteins
Steroids - to allow greater blood concentration Peptides - to avoid proteolysis Amines - to avoid kidney filtration
167
Give a common example of a secondary messenger
cAMP
168
State the two mechanisms hormones use to alter target cell activity, and state the classes of hormones that use each mechanism
Bind to receptors on cell membrane Amines and peptides Diffuse into cells and bind to HRE's on DNA Steroid and thyroid hormones
169
List the three types of control for the release of hormones, and give an example of each
1. Humoral (concentration of substance in blood) ex: glucose causes release of insulin 2. Nervous ex: hypothalamus nerves stimulate pituitary 3. Hormonal ex: TSH from pituitary stimulates T3/T4 release from thyroid
170
Name the DNA associated receptor used in direct gene activation
Hormone responsive elements
171
List the three types of control for the release of hormones, and give an example of each
1. Humoral (concentration of substance in blood) ex: glucose causes release of insulin 2. Nervous ex: neurons stimulate adrenals to release epinephrine 3. Hormonal ex: TSH from pituitary stimulates T3/T4 release from thyroid
172
Define negative feedback
The products of the system inhibit the pathway that formed them
173
TRUE OR FALSE Endorcine hormones are secreted directly into the blood?
True
174
TRUE OR FALSE Hormones regulate many metabolic reactions and function but not the immune system
False It can regulate the immune system
175
TRUE OR FALSE Cholesterol provides the structural baises for the formation of preganes, androstanes, and estranes
True
176
TRUE OR FALSE Decarboxylation of amino acid may produce amine hormones like epinephrne
True
177
TRUE OR FALSE Hormone responsive elements are components of the mitochondrial membrane in all target cells
False Part of the DNA
178
TRUE OR FALSE T4 s produced by combining two molecules of DIT
True
179
TRUE OR FALSE Exocrine hormones are secreted into the lymphatic system
True
180
TRUE OR FALSE Insulin is classified as a peptide hormone
True
181
TRUE OR FALSE Exocrine hormones are secreted into the lymphatic system
False Into ducts
182
TRUE OR FALSE Insulin raises blood glucose levels by stimulating lipogenesis
False Insulin lowers blood glucose levels
183
TRUE OR FALSE Luteinizing hormone induces production of progesterone or testosterone
True Mostly estrogens and progesterone in females Testosteron in men
184
TRUE OR FALSE Acromegaly is caused by over-secretion of hGH in adults
True
185
TRUE OR FALSE Parathormone induces bone resporptions
True
186
TRUE OR FALSE Prostaglandins are produced from aracidonic acid
True
187
TRUE OR FALSE IGF-1 acts upon its secretory cells, cells close to its secretory cells, and upon cells far removed from its secretory cells
True
188
TRUE OR FALSE Plasma proteins that bind to hormones increase their time and concentration in circulation
True
189
TRUE OR FALSE Second messengers are usually derived from carotene
False Second messengers like AMP are derived from ATP
190
TRUE OR FALSE hGH is a general anabolic stimulant
True Anabolic meaning building or growth
191
TRUE OR FALSE IGF-1 acts upon its secretory cells, cells close to its secretory cells, and upon cells far removed from its secretory cells
True Release induced by hGH
192
TRUE OR FALSE Estriol is a type of pregnane
False Estrane
193
TRUE OR FALSE Cortisol raises blood glucose and increased protein synthesis
True
194
TRUE OR FALSE Pheochromocytoma is causes by an adrenal gland tumor and over-production of epinephrine
False Over-secretion of ACTH by a pituitary tumor
195
TRUE OR FALSE Conn's Syndrome is due to adrenal gland tumors and over production of aldosterone
True
196
TRUE OR FALSE TRF is the same thing as TRH
True
197
TRUE OR FALSE Pregnenolone is a product of cholesterol and a precursor of pregnanes, estranes, and androstranes
True
198
TRUE OR FALSE PTH is a steroid
False Peptide hormone
199
TRUE OR FALSE Aldosterone affects sodium resorption in the kidneys
True
200
TRUE OR FALSE Amine and peptide hormones bind with receptors in the DNA of the target cells
False Bind with receptors on the outside of the cell Lipid soluble and thyroid hormones bind with the DNA
201
TRUE OR FALSE When the product of a reaction inhibits its own formation it is demonstrating first order kinetics
False Negative feedback inhibition
202
TRUE OR FALSE ADH decreased water resorption by the kidneys
False Increases water resporption
203
TRUE OR FALSE Paracrines and autocrines are also called local hormones
True
204
TRUE OR FALSE Addison's Disease is caused by autoimmune damage to the thyroid
False Caused by autoimmune destruction of the adrenals

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