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Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are classical endocrine hormones?

A

Hormones that act on distant tissues to regulate metabolic function
Tend to be long lasting

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2
Q

What are the 2 local hormone types?

A

Paracrines and autocrines

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3
Q

What do paracrines do?

A

Act on target cells near release site

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4
Q

What do autocrines do?

A

Act on the cells that secreted them

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5
Q

What is the difference between classic and local hormones?

A

Classic - long lasting

Local - short lived

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6
Q

Classify hormones based on their chemical nature

A

Steroids (cholesterol)
Peptides and Glycoproteins
Amines
Eicosanoids

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7
Q

Describe steroid hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol
Circulate bound to carrier proteins to allow higher levels in blood
Mostly gonadal and adrenocortical

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8
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones

A

Pregnanes (Cortisol, Progesterone)
Androstanes (Testosterone)
Estranes (Estradiol)

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9
Q

What types of hormones are derived from cholesterol?

A

Steroids

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10
Q

What type of hormone are estradiol, tesosterone, and cortisol?

A

Steroids

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11
Q

Describe peptide hormones

A

Made from larger pro-hormones
Released into blood or stored in granules in producing cell
Bound to carrier protein in plasma to prevent proteolysis

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12
Q

Give examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Human Growth hormone (HGH)

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13
Q

What type of hormone are insulin, glucagon, PTH, and HGH?

A

Peptides

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14
Q

Describe glycoprotein hormones

A

2 alpha and 2 beta chains (alpha chains identical in all)
Water soluble, no carrier protein required
Short half life

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15
Q

Give examples of glycoprotein hormones

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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16
Q

What type of hormone are FSH, LH, TSH, and hCG?

A

Glycoproteins

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17
Q

Describe the polypeptide units in glycoprotein hormones

A

2 alpha and 2 beta
2 alpha the same in all hormones
2 beta chains differ between hormones, dictate functional properties and antigenicity

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18
Q

Give an example of how immunoassays might work against glycoprotein hormones

A

hCG immunoassays target the specific beta subunit in the hormone

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19
Q

Describe amine hormones

A

Derived from decarboxylated amino acids

Some circulate bound to carrier proteins to prevent filtration by kidneys due to their small size

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20
Q

Give examples of amine hormones

A

Epinerphrine, norepinephrine (circulate free, short lived)

Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3
circulate bound, long lasting)

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21
Q

What type of hormone are T3, T4, epinephrine, and norepinephrine?

A

Amines

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22
Q

Describe eicosanoids

A

Derived from arachidonic acid (fatty acid)

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23
Q

Give examples of eicosanoid hormones

A

Prostaglandins

Leukotrienes

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24
Q

What kind of hormone are prostaglandins and leukotrienes?

A

Eicosanoids

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25
Q

Why are sensitive methods needed to measure hormones?

A

They have very low levels in the blood

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26
Q

How do hormones affect cells with receptors outside the cell?

A

First messengers bind and activate receptors causing an increase or decrease in the synthesis of the second messenger in the cell which activates the desired metabolic process

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27
Q

What hormones act as first messengers?

A

Lipid insoluble amine hormones (most) and peptide hormones

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28
Q

How do hormones affect cells with receptors inside the cell?

A

Hormones release from their carrier proteins and diffuse into the cell and bind with receptors
The complex then binds to a hormone responsive element in the DNA

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29
Q

What hormones can diffuse into cells to activate receptors?

A

Fat soluble hydrophobic steroids and thyroid hormones

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30
Q

What 3 ways can hormone release be controlled?

A

Humoral
Nervous
Hormonal

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31
Q

Describe humoral hormone control

A

Release controlled by concentration of a substance in the blood

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32
Q

Give an example of humoral hormone control

A

Blood glucose levels influence secretion of glucagon and insulin

Blood calcium levels affect parathyroid for PTH release

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33
Q

Describe nervous hormone control

A

Nerves stimulate release

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34
Q

Give an example of nervous hormone control

A

Neurons stimulate release of epinephrine from adrenal glands

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35
Q

Describe hormonal hormone control

A

Release controlled by other hormones

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36
Q

Give an example of hormonal hormone control

A

Hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate the pituitary to release other hormones

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37
Q

What 3 factors affect the amount of hormone that reaches the target cells?

A

Rate of production
Rate of delivery (blood flow)
Rate of degradation/elimination

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38
Q

Describe the difference between shutting off a hormone with a short vs long half life

A

Short half life = blood level decreases rapidly

Long half life = blood level may persists for some time

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39
Q

Glucose influencing the release of glucagon and insulin is what type of hormone control?

A

Humoral

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40
Q

Neurons stimulating the release of oxytocin from the pituitary is what type of hormone control?

A

Nervous

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41
Q

Hypothalamus hormones stimulating hormone release from the pituitary is what type of hormone control?

A

Hormonal

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42
Q

How does a negative feedback loop work?

A

The products of the pathway inhibit the reaction that formed them

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43
Q

How are hormone levels usually controlled?

A

Negative feedback loops

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44
Q

Give an example of a negative feedback loop

A

T3/T4 regulation

When T3/T4 drops below the threshold neurons in the hypothalamus secrete TRH

TRH stimulates the pituitary to secrete TSH

TSH binds to the thyroid to stimulate production of T3/T4

T3/T4 levels rising inhibits release of TRH

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45
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Secretes hormones to stimulate or suppress the release of hormones from the pitutary

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46
Q

What does the pineal body do?

A

Produces melatonin

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47
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Releases hormones to control many functions of other endocrine glands

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48
Q

What does the thyroid do?

A

Hormones play a role in body metabolism and calcium balance

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49
Q

What do the parathyroid glands do?

A

Regulate calcium balance via PTH

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50
Q

What does the thymus do?

A

Produces t-lymphocytes

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51
Q

What do the adrenal glands do?

A

Work with the hypothalmus and pituitary gland

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52
Q 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Source, target, function
A

Hypothalamus, stored and released by posterior pituitary

Kidney

Water resorption

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53
Q

Oxytocin

Source, target, function

A

Hypothalamus, stored and released by posterior pituitary

Uterus and breasts

Contraction and milk release

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54
Q

Where do releasing factors come from and what do they act on

A

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary

Stimulate release of corresponding hormone

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55
Q 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Source, target, function
A

Anterior pituitary

Adrenal cortex

Secretion of adrenal hormones

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56
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Source, target, function

A

Anterior pituitary

Ovaries and tests

Growth of follicles / seminiferous tubules

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57
Q 
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Source, target, function
A

Anterior pituitary

Ovaries and testes

Production of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone

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58
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

Source, target, function

A

Anterior pituitary

Ovaries and breasts

Milk production and secretion of estrogen and progesterone from ovaries

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59
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Source, target, function

A

Anterior pituitary

Thyroid

Stimulate secretion of thyroid hormones

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60
Q 
Growth Hormone (GH) / Somatotropin
Source, target, function
A

Anterior pituitary

General

Bone and tissue growth
Release of insulin-like growth factor

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61
Q

Lipotropin (LPH)

Source, target, function

A

Anterior pituitary

Adipocytes

Fatty acid release

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62
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

Source, target, function

A

Thyroid

General

Metabolism, growth, development

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63
Q

Calcitonin

Source, target, function

A

Thyroid

Osteoclasts

Inhibits bone resorption
Lowers blood calcium
Raises blood phosphorus

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64
Q 
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Source, target, function
A

Parathyroids

Osteoclasts, kidneys, intestines

Stimulates bone resorption
Raises blood calcium
Lowers blood phosphorus

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65
Q

Aldosterone

Source, target, function

A

Adrenal cortex

Kidneys

Sodium resorption

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66
Q

Cortisol

Source, target, function

A

Adrenal cortex

Muscles, liver, general

Protein and carbohydrate metabolism
Raises blood glucose

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67
Q

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Source, target, function

A

Adrenal cortex

Uterus, general

Contractions
Stimulate sex drive

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68
Q

Epinephrine

Source, target, function

A

Adrenal medulla

Muscle, liver, heart

Raises metabolic rate
Increases blood glucose
Increases heart rate

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69
Q

Nor-epinephrine

Source, target, function

A

Adrenal medulla

Arterioles, live, heart

Vasoconstrictor
Lipid metabolism

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70
Q

Melatonin

Source, target, function

A

Pineal gland

Gonads, pigment cells

Regulates biorhythms

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71
Q

Glucagon

Source, target, function

A

Pancreatic alpha cells

Liver, adipocytes

Raises blood glucose

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72
Q

Insulin

Source, target, function

A

Pancreatic beta cells

Liver, adipocytes, general

Lowers blood glucose

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73
Q

Estrogens (estradiol, estrone)

Source, target, function

A

Ovaries

Uterus, general

Develop and maintain female characteristics

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74
Q

Progesterone

Source, target, function

A

Ovaries

Uterus, general

Develop uterine lining

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75
Q

Testosterone

Source, target, function

A

Testes

General, reproductive organs

Develop and maintain male characterisitics, spermatogenesis

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76
Q

Relaxin

Source, target, function

A

Ovaries and placenta

Pelvic ligaments

Relaxes pelvic ligaments

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77
Q

Inhibin

Source, target, function

A

Testes

Anterior pituitary

Inhibits release of FSH

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78
Q 
Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Source, target, function
A

Placenta

Anterior pituitary

Release of FSH and LH

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79
Q

Gastrin

Source, target, function

A

Stomach antrum

Stomach

HCl and pepsin secretion
Pancreatic secretions

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80
Q

Secretin

Source, target, function

A

Duodenal mucosa

Pancreas

Secretion of pancreatic juices

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81
Q

Cholecystokinin

Source, target, function

A

Duodenal mucosa

Gallbladder

Release of bile

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82
Q

Calcitriol (Vitamin D3)

Source, target, function

A

Diet, skin, liver, kidneys

Kidneys, bone, intestines

Raises blood calcium and phosphorus

83
Q

What are the 2 hormone producing cell in the thyroid?

A
  1. Follicular cells

2. Perifollicular “C” cells

84
Q

What do follicular thyroid cells do?

A

Produce T3 and T4

85
Q

What do perifollicular “C” cells in the thyroid do?

A

Produce calcitonin

86
Q

What element is required for T3/T4 formation?

87
Q

Describe how T3/T4 are formed in the thyroid

A
  1. Follicular cells synthesize thyroglobulin
  2. Iodine is absorbed and oxidized
  3. Iodine attaches to thyroglobulin creating MIT or DIT
  4. MIT+DIT = T3 or DIT+DIT = T4
88
Q

What two products are created when iodine combines with thyroglobulin?

A 
MIT = Monoiodotyrosine
DIT = Diiodotyrosine
89
Q

What are the 2 possible end products in T3/T4 formation?

A

DIT+MIT = Triiodothyronine (T3)

DIT + DIT = tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine (T4)

90
Q

How does T3/T4 travel in the blood?

A

Almost all bound to plasma proteins (mostly TBG - thyroid binding globulin), saturated about 30%

T4 50x more than T3

91
Q

What is free T3/free T4

A

Active, unbound hormone that can bind with and enter cells

92
Q

What happens to thyroid hormones at the target cells?

A

Hormones release from their carriers and bind to cells

About 80% of T4 is converted to T3

FT3 4x as potent, not bound as tightly

93
Q

How is T3/T4 production regulated?

A

Negative feedback loop

TRH is produced in the hypothalamus when T3/T4 is low
TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH
TSH stimulates thyroid iodine uptake to form T3/T4
Increased T3/T4 levels inhibit release of TRH and TSH

94
Q

What is the screening test for thyroid function?

95
Q

What tests are added is TSH levels are abnormal?

96
Q

When would T4 become the frontline thyroid screening test?

A

If pituitary function is abnormal (abnormal TSH secretion)

97
Q

What effect does T3/T4 have on cells?

A

Stimulates glucose oxidation (increased metabolic rate)
Regulates growth and development
Maintains blood pressure

98
Q

How does the lab test for TSH work?

A

Two step immunoassay

  1. Extraction: solid phase beta specific antibody bind TSH by the beta chains
  2. Labelling: labelled alpha specific antibody added to bind TSH by alpha chains

Label directly proportional with TSH concentration

99
Q

Which antibody in the TSH test gives specificity? Sensitivity?

A

Anti-beta gives specificity (specific for TSH)

Anti-alpha gives sensitivity

100
Q

How are free T3/T4 measured?

A

Extraction: solid phase antibody binds T3/T4

Serum removed

Labelled thyroid hormone added to bind free antibodies

Label inversely related to T4 concentration

101
Q

Define hyperthyroid

A

High levels of circulating T3/T4

102
Q

Define hypothyroid

A

Low levels of circulating T3/T4

103
Q

What “primary thyroid disorder” mean?

A

Disorder of the thyroid gland itself

Thyroid over/under producing on its own accord

104
Q

What does “secondary thyroid disorder” mean?

A

Disorder with the glands that control the thyroid (pituitary / hypothalamus)

Glands telling thyroid to over/under produce

105
Q

What will TSH and T3/T4 levels be in:

Primary hyperthyroid?

A

TSH: decreased

T3/T4: increased

106
Q

What will TSH and T3/T4 levels be in:

Primary hypothyroid?

A

TSH: increased

T3/T4: decreased

107
Q

What will TSH and T3/T4 levels be in:

Secondary hyperthyroid?

A

TSH: increased

T3/T4: increased

108
Q

What will TSH and T3/T4 levels be in:

Secondary hypothyroid?

A

TSH: decreased

T3/T4: decreased

109
Q

What is thyrotoxicosis?

A

Primary hyperthyroidism with severely increased T3/T4

110
Q

What are general symptoms of hyperthryroid?

A 
Nervous
Weight loss with same intake
Diarrhea
Hot
Irritable
Goiter
111
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

Autoimmune form of hyperthyroid

112
Q

What causes Grave’s disease?

A

Antibody against TSH receptors on thyroid

Binding to thyroid TSH receptors to stimulate T3/T4 production

113
Q

What are the lab findings in Grave’s disease?

A

TSH: low
T3/T4: high
Positive for thyroid antibodies (likely TRAb)

114
Q

What is a thyroid storm?

A

Life threatening uncontrolled hyperthroid

Usually occurs when hyperthyroid person is suddenly stressed

115
Q

What is secondary hyperthyroidism?

A

Overproduction of T3/T4 due to over stimulation of thyroid because of hypothalamus or pituitary

Overproduction of TRH and/or TSH

116
Q

What are lab results of secondary hyperthyroid?

A

TSH: high

T3/T4: high

117
Q

What are general symptoms of hypothyroid?

A

Cold
Tired
Weight gain
Constipation

118
Q

What might cause hypothyroid?

A 
Removal of all or part of thyroid
Overdoes of antithyroid medicine
Thyroid atrophy
Thyroid antibodies
Inability of pituitary to produce TSH (secondary)
119
Q

What might cause hyperthyroid?

A

Tumors
Nodules
Inflammation
Antibodies

120
Q

What is primary hypothyroid?

A

Decreased production of T3/T4 despite increased TSH

121
Q

What is secondary hypothyroid?

A

Failure of thyroid gland due to inadequate TSH

Primary pituitary failure or hypothalamic dysfunction (tertiary hypothyroid)

122
Q

What might cause pituitary failure?

A

Tumors
Head trauma
Radiation
Idiopathic

123
Q

What is Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

A

Inflammation of the thyroid due to anti-thyroid antibodies

124
Q

What are lab findings in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

A

TSH: high
T3/T4: low

Thyroid antibodies, likely anti-TPO

125
Q

What are some pituitary gland disorders?

A 
Acromegaly
Cushing's Disease
Amenorrhea/Galactorrhea Syndrome
Hypogandism
Hypothyroidism
126
Q

What are some disorders of the adrenal glands?

A 
Addison's Disease
Conn's Syndrome
Cushing's Syndrome
Drug-related temporary adrenal insufficiency
Pheochromocytoma
127
Q

What are some disorders of the parathyroid gland?

A

Hyperparathyroidism (Hypercalcemia)

Parathyroid Hormone Deficiency (Hypoparathyroidism)

128
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Enlargement of body tissues

129
Q

What causes acromegaly?

A

Over secretion of growth hormone and insulin like growth hormone

130
Q

What are lab results in acromegaly?

A

GH: high
IGF: high

MRI, thyroid tests

131
Q

What is Cushing’s Disease?

A

Redistribution of fat to face an trunk, rapid protein breakdown

132
Q

What are lab results in Cushing’s Disease?

A

ACTH: high

Prolactin, 24 hour urine free cortisol

133
Q

What is amenorrhea/galactorrhea syndrome?

A

Stop of menstruaton or production of milk not related to birth

134
Q

What are lab results in amenorrhea/galactorrhea syndrome?

A

Prolactin: high

135
Q

What is hypogonadism?

A

Delayed sexual maturation, or loss of libido, or loss of ovary/testes function

136
Q

What causes hypogonadism?

A

Underproduction of FSH and/or LH

137
Q

What are lab results in hypogonadism?

A

Low FSH and/or LH

138
Q

What causes amenorrhea/galactorrhea syndrome?

A

Over secretion of prolactin

139
Q

What causes Cushing’s Disease?

A

Over secretion of ACTH by benign pituitary tumor Sometimes adrenal tumor or cancer

140
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

Under activity of adrenal glands causing gastro symptoms and problems coming with stresses like infection

141
Q

What causes Addison’s Disease?

A

Usually autoimmune destruction of adrenal glands

142
Q

What are lab tests in Addison’s Disease?

A

Cortisol

ACTH

143
Q

What is Conn’s Syndrome?

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism causing high blood pressure, low potassium
Disruption of muscle function

144
Q

What causes Conn’s Syndrome?

A

Usually small adrenal gland tumors that produce too much aldosterone

145
Q

What are lab tests in Conn’s Syndrome?

A

Aldosterone
Potassium
Sodium

146
Q

What is Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Similar to Cushing’s Disease
(Redistribution of fat to face an trunk, rapid protein breakdown)
Over secretion of cortisol

147
Q

What causes Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Usually due to benign adrenal tumor

148
Q

What are lab tests in Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Cortisol: high

24 hour urine cortisol

149
Q

What is drug-related temporary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Under activity of adrenals due to chronic suppression of ACTH production due to sudden cessation of steroid drugs (may cause Addison’s disease or atrophy)

150
Q

What causes drug-related temporary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Sudden cessation of long term use of steroid medication for other conditions

151
Q

What are lab test for drug-related temporary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Cortisol

ACTH

152
Q

What is Pheochromocytoma?

A 
High blood pressue
Headaches
Palpitations
Sweating
"Sense of doom"
153
Q

What causes Pheochromocytoma?

A

Adrenal gland tumor causes release of excessive epinephrine and nor-epinephrine

154
Q

What are lab tests for Pheochromocytoma?

A

Epinephrine

Nor-epinephrine

155
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

Overproduction of parathyroid hormone causing high blood calcium levels, kidney stones

156
Q

What causes hyperparathyroidism?

A

Usually single benign tumor

157
Q

What are lab test for hyperparathyroidism?

A

Calcium
Phosphate
PTH
24 hour urine calcium

158
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism?

A

Low levels of blood calcium cause muscle spasm, seizures, thin bones

159
Q

What causes hypoparathyroidism?

A

Occasionally after thyroid or parathyroid surgery, autoimmune

160
Q

What are tests for hypoparathyroidism?

A

Calcium
Phorphorus
Calcitonin
Vitamin D

161
Q

Define endocrine hormones including function and duration

A

Chemicals secreted into extracellular fluids to regulate metabolic functions of other cells and maintain homeostasis

Tend to have prolonged effects

162
Q

List the 3 main classes of endocrine hormones including sub-classes

A

Steroids (Pregnanes, androstanes, estranes)
Amino Acid Based (peptides, glycoproteins, amines)
Eicosanoids

163
Q

List the four glycoprotein hormones and state which structure is common for all, and which is specific

A

TSH, FSH, LH, hCG

Common: alpha chains
Specific: beta chains

164
Q

List examples of amine hormones

A

T3 / triiodo
T4 / thyroxine
Epinephrine
Nor-epinephrine

165
Q

List examples of amine hormones

A

T3 / triiodothyronine
T4 / thyroxine
Epinephrine
Nor-epinephrine

166
Q

State the reasons why certain classes of hormones must circulate bound to carrier proteins

A

Steroids - to allow greater blood concentration
Peptides - to avoid proteolysis
Amines - to avoid kidney filtration

167
Q

Give a common example of a secondary messenger

168
Q

State the two mechanisms hormones use to alter target cell activity, and state the classes of hormones that use each mechanism

A

Bind to receptors on cell membrane
Amines and peptides

Diffuse into cells and bind to HRE’s on DNA
Steroid and thyroid hormones

169
Q

List the three types of control for the release of hormones, and give an example of each

A
  1. Humoral (concentration of substance in blood)
    ex: glucose causes release of insulin
  2. Nervous
    ex: hypothalamus nerves stimulate pituitary
  3. Hormonal
    ex: TSH from pituitary stimulates T3/T4 release from thyroid
170
Q

Name the DNA associated receptor used in direct gene activation

A

Hormone responsive elements

171
Q

List the three types of control for the release of hormones, and give an example of each

A
  1. Humoral (concentration of substance in blood)
    ex: glucose causes release of insulin
  2. Nervous
    ex: neurons stimulate adrenals to release epinephrine
  3. Hormonal
    ex: TSH from pituitary stimulates T3/T4 release from thyroid
172
Q

Define negative feedback

A

The products of the system inhibit the pathway that formed them

173
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Endorcine hormones are secreted directly into the blood?

174
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Hormones regulate many metabolic reactions and function but not the immune system

A

False

It can regulate the immune system

175
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Cholesterol provides the structural baises for the formation of preganes, androstanes, and estranes

176
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Decarboxylation of amino acid may produce amine hormones like epinephrne

177
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Hormone responsive elements are components of the mitochondrial membrane in all target cells

A

False

Part of the DNA

178
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

T4 s produced by combining two molecules of DIT

179
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Exocrine hormones are secreted into the lymphatic system

180
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Insulin is classified as a peptide hormone

181
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Exocrine hormones are secreted into the lymphatic system

A

False

Into ducts

182
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Insulin raises blood glucose levels by stimulating lipogenesis

A

False

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels

183
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Luteinizing hormone induces production of progesterone or testosterone

A

True

Mostly estrogens and progesterone in females
Testosteron in men

184
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Acromegaly is caused by over-secretion of hGH in adults

185
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Parathormone induces bone resporptions

186
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Prostaglandins are produced from aracidonic acid

187
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

IGF-1 acts upon its secretory cells, cells close to its secretory cells, and upon cells far removed from its secretory cells

188
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Plasma proteins that bind to hormones increase their time and concentration in circulation

189
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Second messengers are usually derived from carotene

A

False

Second messengers like AMP are derived from ATP

190
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

hGH is a general anabolic stimulant

A

True

Anabolic meaning building or growth

191
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

IGF-1 acts upon its secretory cells, cells close to its secretory cells, and upon cells far removed from its secretory cells

A

True

Release induced by hGH

192
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Estriol is a type of pregnane

A

False

Estrane

193
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Cortisol raises blood glucose and increased protein synthesis

194
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Pheochromocytoma is causes by an adrenal gland tumor and over-production of epinephrine

A

False

Over-secretion of ACTH by a pituitary tumor

195
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Conn’s Syndrome is due to adrenal gland tumors and over production of aldosterone

196
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

TRF is the same thing as TRH

197
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Pregnenolone is a product of cholesterol and a precursor of pregnanes, estranes, and androstranes

198
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

PTH is a steroid

A

False

Peptide hormone

199
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Aldosterone affects sodium resorption in the kidneys

200
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Amine and peptide hormones bind with receptors in the DNA of the target cells

A

False

Bind with receptors on the outside of the cell

Lipid soluble and thyroid hormones bind with the DNA

201
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

When the product of a reaction inhibits its own formation it is demonstrating first order kinetics

A

False

Negative feedback inhibition

202
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

ADH decreased water resorption by the kidneys

A

False

Increases water resporption

203
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Paracrines and autocrines are also called local hormones

204
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Addison’s Disease is caused by autoimmune damage to the thyroid

A

False

Caused by autoimmune destruction of the adrenals

Chemistry 1 (5 decks)

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