Hormones Flashcards
What type of hormone is TRH and what type of receptor does it interact with?
TRH is a peptide hormone and it interacts with a GPCR
What is the origin and target of TRH?
TRH is synthesized and secreted from the hypothalamus and its target is Thyrotropic cells and Lactotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland
What are the actions of TRH?
TRH stimulates TSH and Prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary gland
What type of hormone is TSH and what type of receptor does it interact with?
TSH is a glycoprotein hormone and it interacts with a GPCR
What is the origin and target of TSH?
TSH is synthesized and secreted from Thyrotropic Cells of the anterior pituitary and its target is the thyroid gland (specifically follicle cells)
What are the actions of TSH?
TSH stimulates T3 and T4 seretion from the thyroid gland (thyroid follicles)
What type of hormone is CRH and what type of receptor does it interact with?
CRH is a peptide hormone and it interacts with a GPCR
What is the origin and target of CRH?
CRH is synthesized and secreted from the hypothalamus and targets Corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland
What are the actions of CRH?
CRH stimulates the secretion of ACTH and MSH from corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
What type of hormone is ACTH and what type of receptor does it interact with?
ACTH is a peptide hormone and it interacts with GPCRs
What is the origin and target of ACTH?
ACTH is synthesized and secreted from corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland and its target is the Adrenal cortex (specifically the Zona Fasciculata)
What are the actions of ACTH?
ACTH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of Cortisol and other glucocorticoids from the cells of the Zona Fasciculata
What type of hormone is GnRH and what type of receptor does it interact with?
GnRH is a peptide hormone and it interacts with GPCRs
What is the origin and target of GnRH?
GnRH is synthesized and secreted from the Hypothalamus and its target is gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland
What are the actions of GnRH?
GnRH stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH from gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland
What type of hormone is GHRH and what type of receptor does it interact with?
GHRH is a peptide hormone and it interacts with GPCRs
What is the origin and target of GHRH?
GHRH is synthesized and secreted from the hypothalamus and its target is the somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland
What are the actions of GHRH?
GHRH stimulates the secretion of GH from the somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland
What type of hormone is GH and what type of receptor does it interact with?
GH is a peptide hormone and it interacts with Tyrosine-Kinase associated receptor (JAK kinase)
What is the origin and target of GH?
GH is synthesized and secreted from somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland and its target is various tissues
What are the actions of GH?
- Stimulates secretion of IGF-1 (Somatomedins)
- Decrease glucose uptake into cells (increase serum glucose)
- Increase lipoylsis
- Increase protein synthesis in muscle
- Increase lean body mass
What type of hormone is IGF-1 and what type of receptor does it interact with?
IGF-1 is a peptide hormone and it interacts with Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
What is the origin and target of IGF-1?
IGF-1 is syntehsized and secreted from the liver and its target is various tissues
What are the actions of IGF-1?
- Increases linear bone growth (pubertal growth spurt)
- Increases protein synthesis in muscle
- Increases lean body mass
- Increases organ size
What type of hormone is PTH and what type of receptor does it interact with?
PTH is a peptide hormone and it interacts with GPCRs
What is the origin and target of PTH?
PTH is synthesized and secreted from the Parathyroid gland and its target is bones and kidneys
What are the actions of PTH?
- Increases Ca2+ reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule
- Decreases Phosphate reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
- Increases bone reabsorption of Ca2+ and Phosphate from the bone
- Induces activation of Calcitriol (AKA Vitamin D; AKA 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
What type of hormone is MSH and what type of receptor does it interact with?
MSH is a peptide hormone and it interacts with GPCRs
What is the origin and target of MSH?
MSH is syntehsized and secreted from the Intermediate lobe of the pituitary and its target is skin
What are the actions of MSH?
Stimulates melanin synthesis in skin
What type of hormone is ADH and what type of receptor does it interact with?
ADH is a peptide hormone and it interacts with GPCRs (specifically V1 on arterioles and V2 on collecting duct)
What is the origin and target of ADH?
ADH is synthesized in the Supraoptic Nucleus of the hypothalamus, but is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland.
Its target is arterioles and the collecting ducts of the kidney
What are the actions of ADH?
ADH stimulates the constriction of arterioles and reabsorption of water from the nephron lumen via mobilization of aquaporin channels
What type of hormone is TH and what type of receptor does it interact with?
TH is an amine hormone and it interacts with Nuclear receptors
What is the origin and target of TH?
TH is synthesized and secreted from the thyroid gland
What are the actions of TH?
- Skeletal growth
- Increased O2 consumption
- Heat production
- Increased metabolic rate
What type of hormone is Prolactin and what type of receptor does it interact with?
Prolactin is a peptide hormone and it interacts with Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
What is the origin and target of Prolactin?
Prolactin is synthesized and secreted from lactotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary gland and its target is breast tissue
What are the actions of Prolactin?
- Stimulates breast development
- Stimulates milk production
- Inhibits GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus
- Promotes Dopamine secretion from the hypothalamus
What type of hormone is Oxytocin and what type of receptor does it interact with?
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and it interacts with GPCRs
What is the origin and target of Oxytocin?
Oxytocin is synthesized in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the hypothalamus, but is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland.
Its target is breast tissue and the uterus
What are the actions of oxytocin?
- Stimulates Uterine contractions
- Stimulates lactation
What type of hormone is Insulin and what type of receptor does it interact with?
Insulin is a peptide hormone and it interacts with Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
What is the origin and target of Insulin?
Insulin is synthesized and secreted from Beta Cells in the Islets of Langerhans of the Pancreas
Its target is various tissues
What are the actions of insulin?
Reduces blood glucose by inducing cell uptake of glucose
Reduces blood concentration of fatty acids
Reduces blood concentration of amino acids
What type of hormone is Glucagon and what type of receptor does it interact with?
Glucagon is a peptide hormone and it interacts with GPCRs
What is the origin and target of Glucagon?
Glucagon is synthesized and secreted from Alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans of the Pancreas
What are the actions of Glucagon?
Increases blood glucose
Increases blood fatty acids
What type of hormone is Epinephrine/Norepinephrine and what type of receptor does it interact with?
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine are peptide hormones and they interact with GPCRs
What is the origin and target of Epinephrine/Norepinephrine?
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine are synthesized and secreted from Chromaffin cells of the Adrenal Medulla
What are the actions of Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Provide the signal necessary to conduct fight or flight response in various tissues
What is the origin and target of Renin?
Renin is synthesized and secreted by the kidney (juxtaglomerular cells) and its target is circulating Angiotensinogen (synthesized by the liver)
What are the actions of Renin?
Renin converts Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin 1 (activates the RAAS system)
What type of hormone is 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and what type of receptor does it interact with?
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (AKA Vitamin D; AKA Calcitriol) is a steroid hormone and it interacts with Nuclear Receptors
What is the origin and target of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol?
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (AKA Vitamin D; AKA Calcitriol) is synthesized and secreted from the kidney and its target is the Intestines, Bone, and Kidney
What are the actions of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol?
- Promotes intestinal absorption of Ca2+ and Phosphate
- Promotes kidney reabsorption of Ca2+ and phosphate
- Promotes bone mineralization (increasing serum Ca2+)
What type of hormone is Calcitonin and what type of receptor does it interact with?
Calcitonin is a peptide hormone and it interacts with GPCRs
What is the origin and target of Calcitonin
Calcitonin is synthesized and secreted from Parafollicular C Cells of the Thyroid Gland and its target is Bone and Kidneys
What are the actions of Calcitonin
Inhibits bone mineralization
Promotes Ca2+ secretion in the kidneys
(reduces serum Ca2+)
What type of hormone is Cortisol and what type of receptor does it interact with?
Cortisol is a steroid hormone (glucocorticoid) and it interacts with Nuclear Receptors
What is the origin and target of Cortisol?
Cortisol is synthesized and secreted from the Adrenal Cortex (specifically the Zona Fasciculata)
Its target is various tissues
What are the actions of Cortisol?
- Stimulates gluconeogenesis
- Anti-inflammatory
- Suppresses immune response
What type of hormone is Aldosterone and what type of receptor does it interact with?
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone and it interacts with Nuclear Receptors
What is the origin and target of Aldosterone?
Aldosterone is synthesized and secreted from the Adrenal Cortex (specifically the Zona Glomerulosa)
Its target is the kidneys
What are the actions of Aldosterone?
- Stimulates Na+ (and water) reabsorption in the kidney
- Stimulates K+ secretion in the kidney
- Stimulates H+ secretion in the kidney
What type of hormone is Dopamine?
Dopamine (AKA Prolactin-inhibiting Factor) is an amine hormone
What is the origin and target of Dopamine?
Dopamine is synthesized and secreted from the hypothalamus and adrenal medulla
Its target is the Anterior Pituitary Gland
What are the actions of dopamine?
Dopamine inhibits the secretion of TSH and Prolactin from the Thyrotropic and Lactotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland, respectively
What type of hormone is Somatostatin?
Somatostatin is a peptide hormone
What is the origin and target of Somatostatin?
Somatostatin is synthesized and secreted from Delta Cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas and the hypothalamus.
Its target is the anterior pituitary gland and the Islets of langerhans
What are the actions of Somatostatin?
- Inhibits the secretion of GH from the anterior pituitary gland
- Inhibits the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary gland
- Slows the secretion of glucagon and insulin from the alpha and beta cells when blood nutrient levels are elevated
What type of hormone is ANP and what type of receptor does it interact with?
ANP is a peptide hormone and it interacts with Guanylyl Cyclase (cGMP) Receptors
What is the origin and target of ANP?
ANP is synthesized and secreted from the heart (cardiac atria)
What are the actions of ANP?
Stimulates Na+ secretion in the kidneys
Where is serotonin synthesized?
Pineal Gland
What is the origin and target of Pancreatic Polypeptide?
Pancreatic Polypeptide is synthesized in the F-cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas and its target is the pancreas
What are the actions of Pancreatic Polypeptide?
Inhibits Somatostatin secretion
What receptor does NO interact with?
Guanylyl Cyclase (cGMP) Receptors
Where is melatonin synthesized?
Pineal Gland
