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Colin Endo/Repro > Histology of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Pituitary Stalk

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2
Q

What are Tropic Hormones (and list them)

A

Hormones from the hypothalamus

TRH
CRH
Somatostatin
GHRH
GnRH
Dopamine
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3
Q

What is the Pars Nervosa?

A

Body of the Posterior Pituitary Gland

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4
Q

What is the Pars Intermedia?

A

The section between the bodies of the anterior and posterior pituitary gland

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5
Q

What is the Pars Distalis?

A

The body of the anterior pituitary gland

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6
Q

What is the Pars Tuberalis?

A

Part of the anterior pituitary gland that makes up the Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)

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7
Q

How do you tell the difference between the Pars Distalis and the Pars Nervosa?

A

Pars distalis is is darker, more heavily stained than the Pars Nervosa

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8
Q

What is the embryological origin of the Pars Distalis?

A

Rathke’s Pouch

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9
Q

What is the embryolgical origin of Pars Nervosa and the Pituitary stalk?

A

Infundibulum

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10
Q

What are somatotropic cells?

A

Cells of the anterior pituitary gland that secrete GH

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11
Q

What are Thyrotropic cells?

A

cells of the anterior pituitary gland that secrete TSH

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12
Q

What are corticotropic cells?

A

Cells of the anterior pituitary gland that secrete ACTH and MSH

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13
Q

What are gonadotropic cells?

A

Cells of the anterior pituitary gland that secrete LH ans FSH

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14
Q

What are Mammotropic cells?

A

Cells of the anterior pituitary gland that secrete Prolactin

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15
Q

What are acidophils?

A

Acidphils are cells in the anterior pituitary

They are the Somatotrophic cells and the Mammotropic cells

They stain pink

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16
Q

What are the basophils?

A

Basophils are cells in the anterior pituitary

They are the Gonadotropic cells, corticotropic cells, and the Thyrotropic cells

They stain dark pink/purple

17
Q

What are chromophobes?

A

Cells in the anterior pituitary

Have no known function

Called chromophobes because their cytoplasm does not stain

They appear like fried eggs with clear, stainless cytoplasm, but a dark nucleus in the cener

18
Q

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

TP - FLAG

TSH
Prolactin
FSH
LH
ACTH
GH
19
Q

What structures will you find in the Pars Nervosa, but not in the Pars Distalis?

A

Herring Bodies

These are expanded axonal nerve terminals storing ADH and oxytocin

20
Q

What is the role of the Pineal Gland?

A

Growth, development, and circadian rhythms

Synthtesizes serotonin and melatonin

21
Q

What structure should you look for when trying to identify a slide containing Pineal Gland tissue?

A

Brain Sand

Calcium Phosphate crystals which stain darkly

22
Q

What structure should you look for when trying to identify a slide containing Thyroid Gland tissue?

A

Follicles containing a pinkly stained fluid called Colloid

23
Q

Which endocrine gland is the only one that stores hormones outside of the cells?

A

Thyroid gland

Thyroid hormone stored in colloid fluid of thyroid follicles

24
Q

What is Grave’s Disease?

A

Grave’s Disease occurs when abnormal antibodies are developed that act as TSH analogs, resulting in over-secretion of T3 and T4

Symptoms: Sweating, elevated metabolism, rapid heart rate, weight loss, eyeballs may protrude

Treated by thyroidectomy or anti-thyroid medication

4-8x more common in women

25
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Insufficient T3/T4 secretion from thyroid gland

Often caused by auto-immune disorder that attacks follicle cells of the thyroid

Symtpoms: Low metabolic rate, weight gain, chilliness, edems, lethargy (lack of energy/enthusiasm)

Treated with synthetic T3/T4 administration

26
Q

What are goiters?

A

Goiters are enlarged thyroid glands most commonly caused by iodine deficiency

Thyroglobulin is produced by is not iodinized to make Thyroid Hormone

Thyroglobulin accumulates in the gland, causing it to enlarge

27
Q

What are the two cell types found in the parathyroid gland and what do they do?

A

Chief Cells - secrete PTH when serum calcium levels are low

Oxyphil Cells - Unknown function

28
Q

What are the 3 tissue layers of the adrenal cortex from most superficial to deep?

A

Think GFR:

Zona Glomerulosa

Zona Fasciculata

Zona Reticularis

29
Q

What tissue layer(s) of the adrenal cortex is Aldosterone secreted from?

A

Zona Glomerulosa - Secretes mineralocorticoids

30
Q

What tissue layer(s) of the adrenal cortex are adrenal androgens secreted from?

A

Zona Reticularis - influences secondary sexual characteristics

31
Q

What tissue layer(s) of the adrenal cortex is Cortisol secreted from?

A

Mostly secreted from the Zona Fasciculata - Secretes all glucocorticoids, including Cortisol.

Also is secreted (less so) from the Zona Reticularis

32
Q

What part of the adrenal gland are epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted from?

A

Adrenal Medulla

33
Q

What are the cells found in the adrenal medulla what do they do?

A

Adrenal medulla contains chromaffin cells which secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic innervation from presynaptic neurons

34
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

Think JFK

Addison’s disease is when there is hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Adrenal gland does not secrete enough corticoid hormones, particularly cortisol and aldosterone.

Caused by autoimmune disease

Symptoms include low blood sodium/glucose levels, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, loss of appetite, darkening of skin/gums/inside of cheek

35
Q

Why do people with Addison’s develop darker skin tone?

A

When cortisol levels are decreased, CRH secretion increases, causing an increase in ACTH secretion

ACTH is synthesized from POMC, which is also the molecule responsible for the synthesis of MSH.

ACTH secretion stays increased due to no responsive secretion of Cortisol from the adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata) resulting in excessive production of MSH and alpha-Melanin, causing skin to get darker

36
Q

What is Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Cushing’s syndrome is when you have hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

Excessive amount of cortisol secretion from an Adrenal adenoma

Symptoms: Fat redistribution (buffalo hump on back; moon face), high glucose levels, weight gain, sweating, thinning skin, muscle weakness, lethargy, depression of immune and inflammatory responses.

37
Q

What is Cushing’s Disease?

A

Cushing’s disease is when you have hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

Excessive cortisol secretion as a result of hypersecretion of ACTH from a pituitary adenoma

Symptoms: Fat redistribution (buffalo hump on back; moon face), high glucose levels, weight gain, sweating, thinning skin, muscle weakness, lethargy, depression of immune and inflammatory responses.

38
Q

What are the endocrine cells in the pancreas, where are they found, and what do they do?

A

Endocrine cells of the pancreas are found in the Islets of Langerhans

Alpha Cells - Secrete glucagon

Beta Cells - Secrete Insulin

Delta Cells - Secrete Somatostatin

F-Cells - Pancreatic Polypeptide

39
Q

What are the two vascular systems found in the pancreas and describe their routes

A

Acinar Vascular System supplies the pancreatic acini cells, avoiding the Islets of Langerhans

The Insuloacinar Portal System supplies the Islets of Langerhans first, then supplies a portal system of vessels to the pancreatic acinar cells.

Colin Endo/Repro (12 decks)

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