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Colin Endo/Repro > DSA - Intro to Endo/Repro > Flashcards

DSA - Intro to Endo/Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

When a cell secretes a chemical signal that activates a receptor on its own cell membrane

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2
Q

What is Paracrine signaling?

A

When a cell secretes a chemical signal that activates a receptor on a neighboring cell without travelling through circulatory system

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3
Q

What is Endocrine signaling?

A

When a cell secretes a chemical signal that activates a receptor on a cell that is far away, utilizing the circulatory system to reach it

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4
Q

What is Neuroendocrine signaling?

A

When a neuron secretes a chemical signal into the blood stream to activate a far away cell receptor

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5
Q

What are the classical endocrine organs?

A 
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
Pancreas
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Ovaries
Testicles
Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Placenta
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6
Q

What hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus?

A 
Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Corticotropic Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Somatostatin
Dopamine
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7
Q

What hormones are secreted from the Anterior Pituitary Gland?

A 
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin
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8
Q

What hormones are secreted from the Posterior Pituitary Gland?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

Oxytocin

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9
Q

What hormones are secreted from the Thyroid Gland?

A

T3 - Triiodothyronine
T4 - Thyroxine
Calcitonin

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10
Q

What hormones are secreted from the Parathyroid Gland?

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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11
Q

What hormones are secreted from the pancreas?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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12
Q

What hormones are secreted from the Adrenal Medulla?

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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13
Q

What hormones are secreted from the Kidney?

A

Renin

1,25 - Dihydroxycholecalciferol

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14
Q

What hormones are secreted from the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Adrenal Androgens

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15
Q

What hormones are secreted from the testes?

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

What hormones are secreted from the ovaries?

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

17
Q

What hormones are secreted from the Corpus Luteum?

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

18
Q

What hormones are secreted from the placenta?

A

hCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Estriol
Progesterone
hPL - Human Placental Lactogen

19
Q

What type of hormone is stored in vesicles?

A

Peptide Hormones

20
Q

What are amine hormones derived from?

A

Tyrosine

21
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

22
Q

Describe the general synthesis pathway for peptide hormones?

A

DNA Transcribed into mRNA

mRNA Translated into Preprohormone

Preprohormone has signal peptide removed in ER, becoming a Prohormone

Prohormone sent to Golgi where it is packaged into a secretory vesicle, where proteolytic enzymes cleave it, forming into an active Hormone

23
Q

What stimuli induce secretion of peptide hormones from vesicles?

A

Increase of intracellular Ca2+ via membran depolarization

OR

Activation of GPCR followed by increase in cAMP and activation of PKA

24
Q

What is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus?

A

SCN is a control center that regulates a circadian rhythm of secretion of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones and Endocrine axes

25
Q

What is the Pineal Gland?

A

Small endocrine gland in the brain that secretes melatonin and regulates Day-night cycle signals to the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (which helps regulate hormone secretion from the hypothalamus)

26
Q

How can target tissue responsiveness to a particular hormone be changed?

A

Increasing the number of receptors

OR

Changing the affinity of the receptors for the hormone

27
Q

What is EC50?

A

Away of measuring hormone sensitivity

It determines the concentration of hormone required to achieve 50% of maximal tissue response

28
Q

What is upregulation?

A

Increasing the number of receptors at a target tissue or increasing sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are low

Increase synthesis of new receptors

Decrease degradation of existing receptors

Activating receptors

29
Q

What is downregulation?

A

Decreasing the number of receptors at a target tissue or decreasing the sensitivity of the target tissue when hormone levels are high

Decrease in synthesis of new receptors

Increase in degradation of existing receptors

Inactivating/desensitizing receptors

30
Q

Explain the signaling cascade involved in G-alpha S recpetors

A

Hormone binds to GPCR

Binding causes conformational change that results in the alpha subunit being displaced from the other G protein subunits after its bound GDP molecule being replaced by a GTP molecule (as a result of the hormone binding)

Alpha subunit then activates Adeylyl Cyclase

Adenylyl Cyclase then converts ATP into cAMP

Increased intracellular cAMP causes activation of Protein Kinase A (PKA)

PKA phosphorylates downstream proteins resulting in various physiologic actions, depending on the hormone and the target tissue

31
Q

Explain the signaling cascade involved in G-alpha Q receptors

A

Hormone binds to GPCR

Binding causes conformational change that results in the alpha subunit being displaced from the other G protein subunits after its bound GDP molecule being replaced by a GTP molecule (as a result of the hormone binding)

Alpha subunit then activates Phospholipase C

Phospholipase C then activates PIP2 into DAG (Diacylglycerol) and IP3

IP3 induces release of Ca2+ from Endoplasmic Reticulum or from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

DAG, with the help of increased intracellular Ca2+, induces the activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC)

32
Q

What are important aspects of intracellular hormone receptors?

A

Intracellular receptors can either be cytosolic or nuclear

Receptor is composed of 6 domains

The hormone-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor

The E domain is the steroid hormone binding domain

The C domain is the DNA Binding domain and has 2 zinc fingers (this domain is highly conserved

33
Q

How does the Guanylyl Cyclase receptor mechanism work, what hormones interact with them, how does receptor activation differ between the hormones?

A

Guanylyl cyclase receptors have intracellular gunaylyl cyclase domains that activate secondary messengers

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and Nitric Oxide (NO) are the only two hormones that interact with these kinds of receptors.

ANP binds to the extracellular domain of the receptor, causing a conformational change, and activating the guanylyl cyclase domains

NO diffuses through the membrane and activates the guanylyl cyclase domains directly

Once the Guanylyl cyclase domains are activated, they promote an increase in intracellular cGMP

cGMP activates Protein Kinase G, which acitvates downstream proteins

34
Q

How do Receptor Tyrosine Kinases work, and what hormones interact with them?

A

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases have intrinsic tyorsine kinase somains within the receptor that are activated once hormone binds and dimerizes the receptor

When activated, the intrinsic tyrosine kinase phosphorylates itself and other proteins

Insulin and IGF both interact with these receptors

35
Q

How do Tyrosine Kinase-Associated Receptors work, and what hormones interact with them?

A

Receptors do not have intrinsic tyrosine kinase domains, but instead non-covalently interact with with proteins that have tyrosine kinase activty (specifically JAK tyrosine kinase)

Growth Hormone interacts with these receptors

36
Q

What is hypofunction?

A

Reduced production of a specific hormone

37
Q

What is hyperfunction?

A

Increased production of a specific hormone

38
Q

What are mass lesions?

A

Enlargement of an endocrine organ due to an underlying neoplasia or hyperplasia

Colin Endo/Repro (12 decks)

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