Hormones

Question 0

Treatment for type 1 diabetes

Answer 0

• insulin injections
• ie genetically modified insulin over pig insulin (more effective& ethically correct)
• no cure (stem cell research)
• check blood glucose levels on sensor

Question 1

Controlling heart rate

Answer 1

• brain -> sympathetic nerve -> SAN
  
  • speeds up (ie if co2 conc is high)
• brain -> vagus nerve -> SAN
  
  • slows down

-sped up by adrenaline

Question 2

Treatment for type 2 diabetes

Answer 2

• diet control/ exercise/ weight control
• small meals often
• some have insulin injections

Question 3

Hypoglycaemia

Answer 3

• low blood glucose level
• very tired
• confused
• irrational behaviour

Question 4

Hyperglycaemia

Answer 4

• high blood glucose level
• dry mouth/ thirsty
• confused/ blurred vision
• ketoacidossis
• can be fatal

Question 5

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 5

• incapable of secreting enough insulin

- insulin dependent

Question 6

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 6

• liver/ target cells dont respond to insulin

Question 7

Diabetes

Answer 7

Risk factors - overweight
- lack of exercise
- family history
- asian/ african
( not known for type 2)
Symptoms- tired/ thirsty/ hyperglycaemia/ hypoglycaemia

Question 8

Hormones

Answer 8

• a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland

- brings about a change in an organ/process elsewhere

Question 9

Exocrine

Answer 9

• secreting a substance into a duct
• which carries them to the target cells
• ie saliva

Question 10

Secretion

Answer 10

• the production& release of a useful product from a cell

Question 11

Endocrine

Answer 11

• secretes a hormone straight into the blood plasma

Question 12

Pancreas

Answer 12

• part exocrine- secretion of pancreatic juice into a duct to the small intestine (lipase, amaylase, trypsin)
• part endocrine - the control of blood glucose

Question 13

Adrenaline

Answer 13

• secreted under stress/ fear/ excitement
• from adrenal glands
• travels in the blood to target cells
• ie SAN increases heart rate
• creates changes to the body to prepare for vigorous excercise

Question 14

Low blood glucose levels (problems)

Answer 14

• cells run short of glucose for respiration (ie brain can only respire glucose)
• can cause low water potential, so cells lose water to the blood

Question 15

Low blood glucose (solution)

Answer 15

• alpha cells in the islets of langerhans detect low blood glucose levels
• secrete glucagon
• (beta cells stop)
• binds to cell membranes of hepatocytes
• glycogen to glucose
• gluconeogenisis- from amino acid/ lipds

Question 16

Gluconeogenisis

Answer 16

Creating glucose from amino acids and lipids

Question 17

Blood glucose level too high (solution)

Answer 17

• beta cells in the islets of langerhans detect high blood glucose level and secret insulin
• (alpha cells stop)
• increased rate of muscle& adipose tissue to absorb glucose through transporter proteins
• glucose binds to receptors on hepatocytes
• activates glucokinase the phosphorylates glucos trapping it in the cell
• other ends transform to glycogen

Question 18

Control of insulin secretion

Answer 18

• k+ ions diffuse freely out of the cell (pd -70mv)
• lots of glucose entering the cell and being phosphorylated& metabolised to produce ATP
• k+ channels sensitive so shut
• (pd -30mv)
• ca2+ channels open due to pd & flood in
• ca2+ causes exocytosis of insulin vesicles

Question 19

Adrenaline in liver cells

Answer 19

• binds to receptors on plasma membrane
• activates a g-protein that splits
  -combines with adenylcyclase that activates the enzyme that causes atp- cyclic amp
• cyclic amp binds to protein kinase
• activates glycogen phosphorylase kinase
  -binds to glycogen phophorylase
  = glycogen to glucose = more glucose