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Biology > Excretion > Flashcards

Excretion Flashcards

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0
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A
  • layer of tissue that lines the abdominal cavity
  • dialysis fluid injected into the peritoneum through a catheter and left to exchange
  • drained off after half/three quarters of an hour
  • repeated up to 3x a day
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1
Q

Kidney transplant

A
  • most effective treatment

- but short supply & have to be a close match

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2
Q

Peritoneal

A
  • layer of tissue that lines the abdominal cavity
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3
Q

Haem vs peritoneal dialysis

A 
Haem
- more efficent
- less frequent
- less risk of infection
Peritoneal
- less time consuming
- less expensive
- less controlling of diet
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4
Q

Haemodialysis

A
  • blood from a patients artery travels through small tubes soaked in dialysis fluid
  • fluid has the right concentration of nutrients to diffuse in and out
  • anticoagulant added
  • & returned to a vein
  • every few days takes about 3 hours
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5
Q

Chronic kidney failure

A
  • usually caused by inflammation of the glomeruli
  • common in older people with diabetes
  • unlikely to recover
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6
Q

Acute kidney failure

A
  • maybe when have other conditions
  • following surgery
  • inflammation in the glomeruli
  • sepsis
  • likely to recover
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7
Q

Pregnancy testing

A
  • use monoclonal antibodies to detect for human chorionic gonadotrophin (HGC)
  • for antigen- antibody complex
  • forms another antigen complex with immobilised antibodies
  • lines up coloured particles that form a line if colour
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8
Q

Urine for diagnosis

A
  • can find the products in urine -> give clues for diagnosis
  • used for drugs testing
  • show pregnancy
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9
Q

ADH

A
  • anti-diuretic hormone
  • synthesised in the cell bodies of osmoreceptors
  • binds to receptors on the collecting duct& increases permeability to water
  • more aquaporin channels
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10
Q

Osmoregulation (stages)

A
  • blood found to be concentrated by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
  • stimulate neurosecretory cells that produce and secrete ADH down their axon to the terminal bud in the posterior pituitary gland
  • travels in the blood to the kidney
  • causes aquaporin proteins to insert themselves in the plasma membrane of the collecting duct
  • water can pass through back into the blood
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11
Q

Osmoreceptors

A
  • sensory neurones in the hypothalamus
  • sensitive to the water potential in the blood
  • they produce ADH which travels down the axon & released into the blood from the posterior pituitary gland
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12
Q

Osmoregulation

A
  • the regulation of the water content of the body
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13
Q

Collecting duct

A
  • can be made more permeable to water by ADH

- also water passes back through tge medulla do to the low water potential so more water reabsorbed by osomosis

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14
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A
  • actively transports na+ ions out

- actively transports k* ions in

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15
Q

Descending limb (loop of henle)

A
  • permeable to water and ions

- allows water to move out by osmosis to the low water potential in the medulla

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16
Q

Counter current system

A
  • fluid flows in 2 vessels close to each other
  • in opposite directions
  • to maximise concentration gradients
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17
Q

Ascending limb (loop of henle)

A
  • impermeable to water
  • permeable to na+ cl-
  • ions are actively transported out into the medulla
  • later diffuse out
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18
Q

Selective reabsorption (stages)

A
  • Na+ actively transported out of cells into tissue fluid = conc gradient
  • Na+ & amino acids/glucose travel through carrier proteins through facilitated diffusion& diffuse into tissue fluid (and some actively transported)
  • increase in water potential in glomerular filtrate
  • water moves down the water potential gradient by osmosis into cells into tissue fluid
19
Q

Selective reabsorption

A

The absorption of wanted molecules from the glomeruli filtrate back into the blood in the proximal convoluted tubule

20
Q

Bottleneck effect

A
  • in the glomerulus
  • formed by the larger afferent arteriole and smaller efferent arteriole
  • and a build up of hydrostatic pressure
21
Q

Renal capsule epithelium

A
  • formed of podocytes

- that have major processes that join together to leave tiny slits

22
Q

Endothelium of blood capillaries

A
  • has small pores to allow plasma and small molecules to move in and out
23
Q

Basement membrane

A
  • A layer of connective tissue
  • collagen and glycoproteins
  • holds the epithelium in place
  • doesnt let molecules bigger than 69,000 through
24
Q

Ultrafiltration

A
  • filters out small molecules from the blood into the glomerulus under high pressure
25
Q

Nephrons

A
  • a kidney tubule

- made up of glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

26
Q

Kidney structure

A
  • blood from renal artery take away by renal vein
  • dark outer cortex
  • lighter medulla
  • inner white pelvis attached to ureter
27
Q

Detoxification of other substances in the liver

A
  • breaks down hormones ie testosterone

- breaks down drugs

28
Q

Cirrohosis

A
  • damaged hepatocytes are replaced by fibrous tissue
  • lose structure of blood supply
  • lots of health risks ie liver disease
29
Q

Fatty liver

A
  • if lots of alcohol consumed + (obesity& diabetes)
  • lots of nadRED
  • no nad for respiration
  • fatty acids accumulate and form fat stores in hepatocytes reducing efficiency
30
Q

Ammonia

A
  • NH3
  • very soluble & very toxic
  • combines with CO2 to form urea
31
Q

Deamination

A
  • The removal of the amino group from an amino acid
  • in the liver
  • and forms ammonia
32
Q

Kupffer cells

A
  • macrophages that line sinusoids

- they capture and destroy bacteria by phagocytosis

33
Q

Sinusoids

A
  • channels in the lobules of the liver
  • mix blood from the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
  • lined with hepatocytes and kupffer cells
34
Q

Bile canaliculi

A
  • channels between cells in the liver that carry bile
35
Q

Bile

A
  • made in the liver
  • stored in the gall bladder
  • contains bile salts which helps to emulsify lipids
36
Q

Hepatocytes

A
  • liver cells
  • lined with microvilli
  • remove excess molecules from the blood
  • perform protein synthesis
  • perform bile synthesis
  • detoxification
  • pass other molecules into the blood
37
Q

Ornithine cycle

A

Ornithine -> CO2 + NH3 (lose H2O) -> citruline -> NH3 (lose H2O) -> arginine -> H2O -> urea

38
Q

Detoxification of alchohol

A

Ethanol -> alcohol dehydrogenase + reducing NAD -> Ethanal -> aldehyde dehydrogenase + reduces NAD -> ethanoate (acetate) -> Krebs cycle

39
Q

Liver structure

A
  • made up of lobules centred around a branch of the hepatic vein
  • blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein mix in sinusoids
  • next to bile canaliculi flowing in the opposite direction to a branch of the bile duct
40
Q

Hepatic vein

A
  • takes blood away from the liver to the vena cava
41
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A
  • from the small intestine & brings blood rich in nutrients

- but deoxygenated and low pressure

42
Q

Hepatic artery

A

From the aorta delivers oxygenated blood to the liver

43
Q

Urea

A
  • made in the liver from excess amino acids

- transported to the kidneys where filtered out& stored in the bladder as urine

44
Q

Excretion

A
  • the removal from the body of metabolic waste

- mainly CO2 and urea

Biology (10 decks)

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